SocPsych3
Terms
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- Additive
- Group Task - individual members try to maximize output for the group, automated (i.e. airplanes)
- Arousal
- function of strength x immediacy x number
- Central Leader
- Groupthink - says yes or no, sometimes given biased or unanimous information
- Combating Groupthink
- Brainstorming - how to get a group to be creative Idea generation - get out all ideas, no evaluation yet Once all ideas are said, evaluation of each idea on its own
- Commons Dilemma
- harvest natural resources, take from the resource but it can be depleted if too much is taken - keep feeding ground viable vs. feeding all livestock. (i.e. endangered species, water usage during drought)
- Compensatory
- Group Task - individual member try to get an accurate account/evaluation, less social loafing, more cognitive processing (i.e. guess weight)
- Confidence
- Minority Influence - strong arguments, more likely to stave off normative and informative social influence
- Conjunctive
- Group Task - group is as good as its worst member (i.e. card houses, one at a time)
- Consistency
- Minority Influence - give a little and the majority will swarm
- Deindividuation
- Social Loafing - Other people can't identify your behavior as your own - no connection
- Difficult vs. Threat
- different set of autonomic nervous activity for each
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Social loafing - when you are in a group you don't feel as responsible and don't work as hard
- Disjunctive
- Group Task - group can be as good as its best member, but it might not be the one with social influence - fall prey to social processing/prejudice (i.e. word problem)
- Free Riding
- Social Loafing - conserve your energy because you can get bby on efforts of others in the group
- Gatekeeper
- Groupthink - provider of information, biased, keeps away counter information, has power
- General Social Dilemma
- Maximize self-interest and potential gain for yourself and harm other people (i.e. tax fraud, HOV lane)
- Group Polarization
- individual attitudes tend to become more extreme when surrounded by like minds: normative and informative social influence
- Group Task Types Effecting Performance
- Additive, Compensatory, Disjunctive and Conjunctive - group task effects social loafing
- Groupthink
- Intragroup Issues - deterioration of mental efficiency, reality, testing and judgment that results from in-group pressures (i.e. Bay of Pigs)
- Immediacy
- How close you feel the audience is paying attention (i.e. in a classroom - get more arousal by looking at people in the front
- Indentifiability
- SD Reduction - think twice about acting selfishly (normative influence)
- Independence
- Minority Influence - no personal stake in the game
- Informative Social Influence
- Group Polarization - want to be right, learn new information that leads to a strengthening of opinion
- Intragroup Issues
- Group polarization, Groupthink
- Intragroup Performance
- Within a group
- Leadership: Contingency Model
- Socioemotional and task leader
- Legal Matters
- SD Reduction - legal ramifications, fines and regulations, last resort
- Maze Study
- Easy/Difficult Maze Easier - faster with people watching Difficult - slower with people watching
- Minority Influence
- Effective minority characteristics: Consistency, Confidence, Independence
- Normative Social Influence
- Group Polarization - want to be liked
- Number
- more peole evaluating you, the greater arousal (more arousal is created from going from a small number up one than from a big number up one)
- Operant Conditioning
- SD Reduction - Reward/Punishment
- Panics
- Survival instinct kicks in, fight or flight behavior, automative sustem arousal
- Pluralistic Intelligence
- Groupthink - people overestimate the degree of agreement
- Pressure to Uniformity
- Groupthink - pressure to go alon
- Public Goods Dilemma
- Giving to a resource for survival, free to enjoy resource by requires people to supply it or it will die (i.e. recycling, art museums, PBS/NPR)
- Riots
- Following aggressive behavior
- Self Censorship
- Groupthink - due to the power of the Gatekeeper, does not want to go against him
- Smaller groups
- SD Reduction - easier to organize, larger - people feel insignificant, anonymous
- Social Dilemma
- The conflict between wanting to maximize self-interest against the self-interest of the group as a whole (social comparison can play a role)
- Social Dilemma Reduction
- Normative/Informative social influence, Smaller groups, Indentifiability, Operant conditioning, Legal conditions
- Social Facilitation (Performance Before)
- arousal enhances the dominant response
- Social Impact Theory
- Where arousal comes from.
- Social Loafing (Intragroup Performance)
- less effort when working with others - individual responses cause less social loafing (i.e. relay races)
- Socioemotional leader
- most effective at medium levels of morale
- Sports
- Free throws better when alone
- Strength
- People are more worried about evaluation when you care about what the audience thinks (i.e. job interview)
- Task Leader
- Most effective at high and low levels of morale - worst at medium
- Variable Effecting Groupthink
- Central leader, Gatekeeper, Pluralistic intelligence, Self Censorship, and Pressure to Uniformity
- Yerkes-Dodson Model
- there is an optimal point where performance is best. Allows for different types of curves based on skill level or type of person