Child Development 1st exam pt. 2
Terms
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- The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception, is stored in our genes and is composed of specific sequences of _____.
- DNA
- _____ twins are genetically identical and come from the same zygote.
- monozygotic
- a _____ is the underlying combination of genetic material present (but outwardly invisible) in an organism, while a phenotype is the observable trait.
- genotype
- Mapping the gene sequence has provided support for the field of _____ genetics, which studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics.
- behavioral
- _____ counseling focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders.
- Genetic
- examples of inherited disorders are _____ syndrome, once referred to mongolism: fragile x syndrome; sickle-cell anemia; and Tay-Sachs disease.
- down
- for women who are already pregnant, the health of the unborn child can be assessed using _____, chorionic villus sampling, or ultrasound sonography.
- amniocentesis
- When sperm enter the vagina, they travel through the cervix and into the fallopian tube where ____ may take place
- fertilization
- a _____ occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother's womb.
- miscarriage
- an environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a _____
- teratogen
- About 266 days after conception, _____ - _____ _____ triggers the process that leads to birth.
- corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- The ____ scale is a standard measurement system designed to assess five basic qualities in a newborn: appearance (color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex irritability), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (respiratory effect)
- apgar
- During delivery, a restriction of oxygen, known as _____ can only last a few minutes but can produce long-term cognitive deficits.
- anoxia
- Preterm infants, or premature infants, are born prior to ___ weeks after conception
- 38
- ____ - ______ - _____ infants weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2 1/4 pounds) or have been int he womb less than 30 weeks
- very-low-birthweight
- In a ____ delivery, the baby is surgically removed form the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal.
- cesarean (c-section)
- symptoms of ___ ___ include an enduring, deep feeling of sadness and unhappiness following the birth of a child.
- postpartum depression
- Infants learn through both classical and _____ conditioning
- operant
- the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus is called _____.
- habituation
- the ability to ____ others' behavior and facial expressions provides the newborn with an important foundation for social interaction later in life.
- imitate
- Newborns cycle through various ___, different degrees of sleep and wakefulness, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation.
- state of arousal
- gametes
- the sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception
- zygote
- the new cell formed by the process of fertilization
- genes
- the basic unit of genetic information
- DNA
- the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
- chromosomes
- rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs
- Monozygotic twins
- twins who are genetically identical
- dizygotic twins
- twins who are produced when tow separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly at the same time
- dominant trait
- the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
- recessive trait
- a trait within an organism that is present, but not expressed
- genotype
- the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in the organism
- phenotype
- an observable trait; the trait that actually is seen
- homozygous
- inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait
- heterozygous
- inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait
- polygenic inheritance
- inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait
- X-linked genes
- genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome
- behavioral genetics
- the study of the effects of heredity on behavior
- Down syndrome
- a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism
- Fragile X syndrome
- a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome producing mild to moderate mental retardation
- sickle-cell anemia
- a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it
- Tay-Sachs disease
- a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment
- klinefelter's syndrome
- a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra x chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts
- genetic counseling
- the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
- ultrasound sonography
- a process in which high frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed.
- Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
- A text used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo
- Amniocentesis
- the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by the needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
- temperament
- patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual
- Multifactorial transmission
- the determination of traits by a combination of genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed
- fertilization
- the process by which a sperm and an ovum - the male and female gametes - join to form a single new cell
- germinal stage
- the first, and shortest, stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks following conception
- placenta
- a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord
- embryonic stage
- the period from two to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems
- fetal stage
- the stage that beings at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth
- fetus
- a developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth
- infertility
- the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant
- artificial insemination
- a process of fertilization in which a man's sperm is placed directly into a women's vagina by a physician
- in vitro fertilization (IVF)
- a procedure in which a woman's ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory
- teratogen
- a factor that produces a birth defect
- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
- a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child
- Fetal alcohol effect (FAE)
- a condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
- neonate
- the term used for newborns
- episiotomy
- an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
- apgar scale
- a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns
- anoxia
- a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce brain damage
- bonding
- close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth, argued by some to affect later relationship strength
- preterm infants
- infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (premature)
- Low-Birthweight infants
- infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds) at birth
- small-for-gestational-age-infants
- infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90% (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age
- very-low-birthweight infants
- infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2 1/4 pounds) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb fewer than 30 weeks.
- postmature infants
- infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date
- cesarean delivery
- a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal
- fetal monitor
- a device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor
- still birth
- the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurs in fewer than 1 delivery in 100
- infant mortality
- death within the first year of life
- reflexes
- unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
- classical conditioning
- a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
- operant conditioning
- a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
- habituation
- the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
- states of arousal
- different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation