urinary+microscope
ch.16+20
Terms
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- RBC's
- normal range is 0-5 more than this indicates bleeding in the urinary tract
- nocturnal enuresis
- bedwetting
- WBC's
- normal range is 0-8, 1.5 times the size of a RBC, more than this indicates inflammation of the genitourinary tract
- micturition
- normal act of voiding urine
- renal threshold
- 160 to 180 mg/dL
- refractometer
- hand held optical instrument that consists of a lens and prism system
- qualitative tests
- provide an approx. indication of whether or not a substance is present in abnormal quantities
- glucose
- no glucose should be detected in urine,
- nephron
- functional unit of the kidney
- objective lenses
- 3 more lenses on a revolvong nosepiece, 10x, 40x, 100x
- casts
- cylindric structures formed in the lumen of the tubules that make up the nephron, their presence in urine usually indicates a diseased condition
- blood
- abnormal if found in urine, can indicate injuries or disorders such as: cystitis, tumors of bladder, kidney stones, urethritis, kidney disorders
- pH
- unit that indicates acidity or alkalinity, normal range 4.6-8.0, abnormally high pH may indicate bacterial infection
- quantitative tests
- indicate the exact amount of a chemical substance present
- eyepiece
- first lens system magnifies 10x
- pyuria
- pus in the urine
- bilirubinuria
- presence of bilirubin in the urine
- nocturia
- excessive urination at night
- diuresis
- secretion and passage of large amounts of urine
- urgency
- immediate need to urinate
- oliguria
- decreased/ scanty urine output
- leukocytes
- known as leukocytuira and accompanies inflammation of the kidneys and the urinary tract such as: pyelonethritis, cystitis, and urethritis
- ketoniuria
- excessive amounts of ketones in urine, caused by uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, and a diet of mostly fat
- nitrite
- if found in urine can indicate: the presence of a pathogen in the urinary tract, UTI
- light source
- built- in luminator +switch for turning it on and off
- frequency
- the condition of having to urinate often
- polyuria
- excessive increase in urine output
- bladder
- muscular sac that can hold approx. 500mL of urine
- ketones
- normal products of fat metabolism that can be used by muscle tissue as a source of energy
- dysuria
- difficult or painful urination
- fine adjustment
- precise focusing
- diaphragm
- controls the amount of light focused on the object
- incontinence
- inablilty to retain urine
- epithelial cells
- squamous cells are normal process of shedding, renal cells are considered abnormal
- ureters
- urine drains through them to the bladder
- stage
- flat platform w/ small opening for light to enter
- kidneys
- bean shaped organs, urine drains from them to the bladder through ureters
- frame
- base for support + arm for carrying
- bilirubin
- yellow pigment caused by the breakdown of red blood cells, liver conditions can cause the presence of bilirubin in the urine
- ketosis
- large amounts of ketones
- adjustment knobs
- coarse + fine
- 4 PE's of urine
- color, appearance, odor, specific gravity
- specific gravity
- measures the weight of urine as compared w/ the equal volume of distilled water
- urinary meatus
- external opening of the urethra
- condenser
- 2 lenses used to illuminate objects w/ transmitted light, concentrated light rays bringing them into focus
- glycosuria
- glucose spilled in urine, usually caused by diabetes mellitus
- urobilinogen
- caused by excessive hemolysis of red blood cells, infectious hepatitis, cirrosis, congestive hear failure, and mono
- 3 parts of urinalysis
- physical, chemical, and microscopic examination
- hematuria
- blood present in the urine
- urethra
- tube that extends from the bladder to the outside of the body
- coarse adjustment
- obtains approx. focus
- protienuria
- abnormally high amount of protien in the urine, usually indicates a pathologic condition, can be caused by stress or strenuous exercise
- anuria
- failure of the kidneys to produce urine
- urochrome
- yellow pigment