SPCM 277
Terms
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2 Ideological explanations for race in media
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intentional and unintentional prejudice
- disadvantages of experiments
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often uses limited sample of people, artificial setting and situations
- 2 Alternative Causal Methods
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Reverse Causal Models
Third-factor Model
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advantages of experiments
- can observe/ manipulate events, can observe time order
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Advantages of Survey
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representative sample of people
measures naturally occurring events
- disadvantages of survey
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limited to questions
cannot measure time order
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advantages of survey and experiments do what?
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cancel each other out
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What element protects the media?
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First Amendment
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Are there more methods to control electronic or print media
- electronic
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What methods control electronic media?
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v-chip, ratings, children's television act
- What was the direct effects era?
- automatic led to effect, only one cause
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What are the advantages of content analysis
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we can say here's whas in the content
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What are the disadvantages of content analysis
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Don't know how its going to affect someone
- What is the basic premise of uses and gratifications?
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what happens before and during media exposure helps determine the effects of exposure
- What does the model for Uses and Gratifications Look like?
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Psychological and social forces -->reasons for exposure--> conditions of exposure --> media effects
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5 Reasons for media exposure
- surveillance, entertainment, interpersonal activity, parasocial interaction, personal identity
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What is cultivation?
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Our perceptions of the world are shaped by the portrayal of reality on television
- What is social learning?
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We learn from watching other people
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What is the social learning model?
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attention to performance of behavior--> learning behavior --> performance behavior
- What two important conditions must be kept to accomplish social learning?
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identification with model and model gets rewards/consequences
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What is the excitation transfer model?
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content --> arousal --> exaggeration of feeling
- What is the desensitization model?
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repeated exposure --> reduced emotional response --> acceptance of depicted behavior
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What is exemplification?
- New stories supply examples of extreme cases which are seen as norm.
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What is the exemplification model?
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exposure to example in news --> recall of examples --> examples used in belief and judgements
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What is catharsis?
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Media content gives us special emotions and we imagine that's us.
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What is reinforcement?
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Media content merely reinforces the way people already are
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What are the two alternative causal models?
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Third factor model and reverse causal model
- What did the survey about Media Violence Research find?
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in ALL cases, exposure to violence leads to aggression
- What did the kids who watched the Untouchables do with the button to hurt the student?
- Pressed it more often and held it down longer.
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What are two theoretical approaches to possible effects of Race in Crime News?
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exemplification -we see extreme examples of race and don't know norm
social learning - learn what criminals do and what police officers do
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How are blacks depicted in news stories?
- Over-represented as perpetrators, pretty close on victims.
- How are Latinos depicted in news stories
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under-represented as perpetrators AND victims
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How are whites depicted in news stories?
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over-represented as victims (twice as many as blacks or Latinos)
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3 structural explanations for race in media
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limited time and resources, news values, perceptions of audience preference
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What criticism is there about News Media and Race?
- Not as much research as we'd like because its a new field.
- What regulation and ownership does the government have?
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regulates purchase and sale of large companies
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3 justifications for regulating ownership
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first amendment protections, public space considerations, recognition of local monopolies
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what is vertical integration
- studio owns cameras, director, studio, and theatres
- 2 ownership trends for newspapers
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fewer papers per market, growth of newspaper chains
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2 ownership trends for magazines
- growth in number of magazines, growth of magazine chains
- What is the limit on how much a radio or television station can own
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No more than 35% percent
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Two trends common in all media?
- vertical integration and synergy
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What is agenda setting?
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We decide what are important issues based on what the media talks about the most
- 4 ways media communicates importance
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story selection, repetition, placement, other story features (pictures)
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Agenda setting model
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exposure to media agenda --> issue perceptions --> personal agenda
- How is agenda setting research done with one-time surveys?
- compare media agenda with public agenda
- How is agenda setting research done with over-time surveys?
- deal with time order, track a single issue over time
- How is agenda setting research done with experiments?
- people watched 30 minutes of news each day, some see more stories and defens, others about pollution, others about inflation. defense went up, pollution went up, inflation did not change
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What is news farming
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A set of decisions about how media content should be talked about or shown
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What is issue priming?
- focus on issue, use a single issue to choose a candidate
- what is episodic framing?
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focus on personal accounts
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what is thematic framing?
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broad look, focus on society as whole
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2 supplemental models
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multiple causes model, mutual causation model, intervening variable model
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Mainstreaming
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according to cultivation theorists, people are different. Because television tends to be uniform, groups who are very different start to come closer together because they are exposed to the s
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Residence
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when peoples real world experiences match what they see on television, it makes the cultivation effect stronger
- What is the criticism of media violence research
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reverse causation model
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Results of
People were exposed to sexual violence for 6 weeks then shown mock-rape trial
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Reduced punishments in mock-rape trial
- what is happy violence
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Sexually violent content and rewarded vs punished. Punished won't be imitated.