Geography Midterm 1
Terms
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- Vertical movement of a fluid
- Convection
- % CO2 is responsible for changes in climate
- 64
- cold and dry air (cold waves)
- continental polar
- High pressure tends to gravitate towards low pressure
- Pressure Gradient
- Stars in Milky Way
- 400 Billion
- No ozone=
- No life on land
- NO
- Nitrous Oxide
- Lense shape, associated with mountains, don't move
- Lenticular
- Initial disturbance to a system --> cascade of responses of the system --> increase of initial disturbance (increase in Temp -> decrease in ice -> decrease in albedo -> increase in temp)
- Positive feedback
- Temp records (long term- atmospheric and oceanic), melting arctic ice and glaciers, sea level rise, growing seasons (increase of 5-13 days), migration times
- Evidence of Global Warming
- No O2 in air
- aneurobic conditions
- CO2, CH4, CFC'S, NO, H2O
- Greenhouse Gases
- Initial disturbance --> equillibrium (increase in temp -> increase in evaporation -> increase in clouds -> increase in albedo -> decrease in temp)
- Negative feedback
- Atmospheric lifiting- Cold front takes over warm front and warm air rises
- frontal
- popcorn balls high in the sky
- cirrocumulus
- In the last 100 years, increase of 7 inches, Next 100 years projected increase of 20 inches
- Sea level rise
- Horizontal movement of a fluid
- Advection
- 6C/ 1000 m (RH=100%)
- Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate
- September 21st
- Fall Equinox
- rain/snow, no thunder/lightening, dark
- nimbostratus
- Good Conductor
- Metal
- Styrofoam, air, wood
- Poor conductors
- O3
- Ozone
- Land surface loses heat, temperature drops (conditions: calm, clear night)
- Radiation fog
- Does not cause the spin as water drains (sink or toilet)
- Coriolis Effect
- Wamer than rural environments
- Urban Environments
- Clouds are made of _____
- Water
- The heat you sense
- Sensible heat
- hot and dry air (heat waves)
- continental tropical
- Grey clouds, uniform, boring, no precipitation, maybe a little mist
- stratus
- Which season is wet at 16 N Lat?
- Wet summer, dry winter
- warm and moist air (hurricanes)
- maritime tropical
- Nuclear fusion of light atoms form in the center of stars and create heavy elements
- How heavy elements are made
- Human population
- 6.2 billion
- These needs water temps of at least 80, which they're getting more often
- Hurricanes
- Transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid (all liquids and gases).
- Convection, Advection
- halow around the sun and the moon
- cirrostratus
- Divides cold polar air from warmer subtropcial air
- Polar Jet Stream
- When energy is transferred from one thing to another through contact (burning yourself on a stove).
- Conduction
- All the pressure cells on earth shift this way in the winter
- South
- The highest specific humidity has the highest ______
- Dew POint Temperature
- When you move from high pressure to low pressure fairly quickly, the pressure outside is low and the pressure in your ear is still high and this happens
- Plugged ears
- Which season is wet at 37 N Lat?
- Dry summers, wet winters
- _____ are the primary cause of ocean currents
- Winds (Subtropical Highs)
- Births-Deaths= increase in earth's population
- 240,000 people/day
- Sea Level (in inches or mercury)
- 29.92
- Sun's rays hit perpendicular to the Tropic of Cancer 23.5 N
- Summer Solstice
- Transmission, Refraction, Scattering, Reflection, Absorption
- Pathways of Radiation
- Synthetic molcules with Cl and Br; break down the ozone layer
- CFCs
- Sun's rays hit perpendicular to the Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 S
- Winter Solstice
- Will melting sea ice change the sea level?
- No
- (Water vapor content/ Water vapor capacity) x 100
- Relative Humidity
- The temperature at which the air cannot hold any more water vapor (RH=100%)
- Dew Point Temperature
- CO2
- Carbon Dioxide
- A measurement of how much water vapor in the air.
- Humidity
- Warm air collides with cold air and rises; lighter, longer precipitation
- warm front
- % CH4 is responsible for changes in climate
- 19
- Traveling through atmosphere
- Transmission
- Atmospheric lifiting at ITCZ
- Convergent
- March 21st
- Spring Equinox
- no precipitation, heaps over layers
- stratocumulus
- CH4
- Methane
- Measures pressure
- Mercury Barometer
- Earth's albedo
- 31%
- N. Hemisphere: all things in motion curve to the right; S. Hemisphere: all things in motion curve to the left
- Coriolis Effect
- Mid-latitude wave cyclone: Stage two
- Open stage (cold and warm front separate)
- Oregon coastal fog (wind driven off ocean towards land, hits cold water currents and reaches dew point, needs wind
- advection fog
- Visible light comes through the atmosphere easily; Infrared does not. (Light comes through atmosphere as light, bounces earth and either goes through as visible light or bounces off atmosphere and comes back as heat.)
- Greenhouse Effect
- High pressure off the land migrates to the low pressure on the ocean (in the evening)
- Land Breeze
- Measure of the percent of incoming radiation REFLECTED by an object
- Albedo
- Worst over antarctica (depletion is accelerated by cold temps in stratusphere)
- Ozone depletion
- High pressure=
- Clear Weather
- High pressure off the mountain migrates to the low pressure of the valley (in the evening)
- Mountain Breeze
- This is expanding towards the poles because conditions are more favorable
- Disease
- Lightening takes ___ seconds to travel one mile
- 5
- Habitat loss and climate change leads to this
- Extinction
- Very little wind at equator because air is only moving up
- Doldrums
- sun dimly visible
- altostratus
- December 21st
- Winter Solstice
- Bending of light
- Refraction
- Latitude, Cloud cover, Altitude, Marine/Continental Climate
- Factors affecting earth's temp
- Pressure Gradient, Coriolis Effect, Friction Force
- Driving forces of wind
- Movement of air
- Wind
- High pressure cells at tropics
- Subtropical High Pressure Cells
- When the earth is farthests away from the sun
- Aphelion
- clouds are cold enough to have ice crystals which aid in the formtion of rain
- ice crystal process
- Energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation
- Radiation
- Cloud of gases and debris from exploded star. After they explode, the space contracts and begins to rotate.
- Nebula
- Cold air rams into warm air and makes warm air rise; makes storms
- cold front
- Energy is absorbed and then re-radiated in all directions
- Scattering
- High pressure off the valley migrates to the low pressure on the mountain (in the afternoon)
- Valley Breeze
- 2 water droplets collide and make a bigger one
- collision and coalescence
- fog that gathers at the tops of mountains
- upslope fog
- % CFCs and Nitrousoxide are responsible for changes in climate
- 17
- All the pressure cells on earth shift this way in the summer
- North
- Two types of heat
- Sensible, Latent
- Radiation fog in valleys between mountains (less wind, cold air sources adjacent to valley [cold air sinks])
- valley fog
- Invented because they have excellent thermal properties/ no corrosion to metal (refrigeration, electronic manufacturing)
- CFCs
- When the earth is close to the sun
- Perihelion
- June 21st
- Summer Solstice
- 1987- phase out and ban ozone depleting chemicals
- Montreal Protocol
- Cool and moist air (pacific nw winter)
- maritime polar
- This is caused by the angle at which the sun hits the earth
- Seasons
- Lower elevation clouds
- stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus
- Water supply and agriculture, disease, sealevel rise, extinctions, hurricanes
- consequences of global warming
- Add water vapor and drop temperature to make _____
- fog
- Mid-latitude wave cyclone: Stage four
- Dissolves (no more lifting of air=no clouds= falls apart)
- Where trade winds converge
- ITCZ
- Heat that is absorbed/ released during a phase change
- Latent heat
- A measure of the mass of water vapor in the air (mass/mass)
- Specific Humidity
- Skin cancer, Cataracts, Crop damage, Decrease in immune system
- Increase in UV Radiation
- Sky is blue because of...
- Scattering of blue light
- Fog over bodies of water, common in fall
- Evaporation fog
- Mid (Alto)- elevation clouds
- altostratus, altocumulus
- Atmospheric lifiting- warm air rises
- convectional
- Mid-latitude wave cyclone: Stage three
- Occluded front (cold front overtakes warm front- zipper)
- Radiation bouncing off an object
- reflection
- Atmospheric lifiting up mountains
- orographic
- Low relative humidity =
- high evaporation rate
- Causes of increased CH4
- Livestock, rice, melting of permafrost
- Why are urban environments warmer?
- Drier, Less wind, Absorptions of heat
- "horse tail clouds"
- cirrus
- Sun's rays hit perpendicular to the equator
- Fall Equinox, Spring Equinox
- High velocity (up to 230 mph) westerly winds; make paths for storms
- Jet Streams
- 10C/ 1000 m (RH< 100%)
- Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
- Pressure of air molcules pushing down on you
- Air Pressure
- Which season is wet at 0 Lat?
- Wet all year round
- Sea Level (in milibars)
- 1013
- Mid-latitude wave cyclone: stage one
- Develop low pressure cell
- Everything with mass has a gravitational field
- Gravitational Field
- Water vapor capacity is _____ in warm air and _____ in cold air
- high, low
- Cold front overtakes a warm front; intense rain/snow
- Occluded Front
- Very little wind at tropics
- Horse Latitude
- After nebula begins to spin, you get a center (the greatest mass), and other smaller objects rotating around that.
- Nebular Hypothesis
- H, He
- Main elements in space
- Near poles, lets more UV rays into the atmosphere
- Ozone hole
- High pressure off the ocean migrates to the low pressure on the land (in the afternoon)
- Sea Breeze
- Sunsets/Sunrises are red/orange because of...
- Scattering of blue light
- high elevation clouds
- cirrocumulus, cirrus, cirrostratus
- Low pressure=
- Stormy Weather