IR Exam 1
Terms
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- What is the difference between a democracy and an autocracy?
- Democracies need approval, while autocracies can repress opposition
- What does the society level consider?
- Nongovernmental characteristics of the society as a whole
- What can be learned from the interactions of states that cannot be explained by the characteristic of each state individually
- Dyadic
- For the world systems view, what must you consider?
- All states, not just one or two
- What is hegemony?
- The predominant influence of one state
- What is a critique of the levels of analysis?
- Ignores change over time
- What are transnational relations?
- The interactions that bypass the governments of states and impact directly on their domestic environments
- Do liberals see the world in transnational or international terms?
- Transnational
- Determining what is possible involves what two considerations?
- The phenomenon must already exist, and the decision-making body must be able to use the phenomenon
- What does realism emphasize?
- Self-interest, power, and the competitiveness of states in an anarchy
- What does liberalism emphasize?
- Institutions and linkages between states for facilitating cooperation, coordination, and nonviolent conflict resolution
- What do individuals want in realism?
- Power and security
- What do individuals want in liberalism?
- Freedom and wealth
- What does an offensive realist think the US should do?
- Keep power, confront/contain potential challengers
- What may be a downfall of the offensive realist view?
- May promote balancing
- What does an defensive realist think the US should do?
- Don’t provoke challengers, and other states may bandwagon
- What does a liberal think the US should do?
- Act multilaterally, justly, and fairly, since it’s not all about power
- Examples of IGOs
- UN, NATO, British Commonwealth, World Bank
- General purpose, universal membership IGOs
- League of Nations, UN
- General purpose, restricted membership IGOs
- OAS, OAU, British Commonwealth, G8
- Limited purpose, universal membership IGOs
- IMF, World Bank, WHO, ILO
- Limited purpose, restricted membership IGOs
- EU, NATO, Mercosur, ASEAN
- EU as an IGO
- Started as limited purpose, restricted membership, but is becoming general purpose, restricted membership
- Supranational authorities
- IGO, member states have granted them the authority to act independently and to make decisions that are binding on members even if some members disagree with those decisions
- Transnational actor
- MNC
- Examples of NGOs
- Doctors Without Borders, International Red Cross, International Studies Association, Hamas, al Qaeda
- 2 main parts of a state
- Inhabited territory, sovereign govenrment
- Internal sovereignty
- Supreme authority over all other entities within one’s territory- Only one authority on a territory
- External sovereignty
- No state may interfere in the domestic affairs of another state
- Why do states flourish (3 reasons)
- Efficient tax collection, war fighting, trade/innovation/economic progress
- What is a threat to the state because of MNCs?
- States do not have as much bargaining power
- What is a threat to the state because of NGOs?
- Transnational terrorism
- What is a threat to the state involving nations?
- Fractured nationalism
- Examples of nations
- Italians, Kurds, Palestinians
- What is a consequence of the skin deep view of nationalism?
- Elites can manipulate people easily
- Where did elites manipulate people easily?
- Yugoslavia
- Unification
- Nation divided into two states can unify to form one state
- Partition
- A nation can separate to form its own state
- Alignment
- Informal coalition
- What is "we are friends" indicative of?
- An alignment
- What is an example of aligned countries?
- Israel and US
- Alliance
- States that behave as a coalition, formalized by a written treaty, for purposes of military security
- When do you make an entente?
- When rivalry prevents making a formal treaty
- What is "nod and wink" indicative of?
- Entente
- What is an example of an entente?
- France and Britain pre-WWI
- Defense pact
- A type of military alliance where each state promises to come to the defense of any member in the event of an attack
- What is "we are family" indicative of?
- A defense pact
- What is an example of a defense pact?
- NATO
- Nonaggression pact
- States promise not to attack each other or give aid to an attacker
- What is "I will try not to hurt you" indicative of?
- A nonaggression pact
- Nonalignment
- Either remain neutral or stay away
- What is an example of a nonaligned country?
- Switzerland
- The nonalignment movement during the Cold War included which 3 countries?
- India, Yugoslavia, Egypt
- What is a current example of balancing?
- France and Germany vs. US
- What is a current example of bandwagoning?
- Great Britain to US
- Passing-the-buck
- States refuse to deal with a mounting threat thinking someone else will
- Polarity fits in which theory of IR?
- Realism
- What kind of polarity did the Cold War have?
- Bipolarity
- Hegemony
- One state makes rules by which relations among states are governed
- Chaos theory
- Small changes at first can make large changes in the end
- Hegemonic stability
- International stability is brought about by a single state’s ability to establish and enforce the international rules of the game
- Where do a state's abilities come from in hegemonic stability?
- Economic might
- What is the central technique of foreign policy implementation?
- Diplomacy
- What IGOs aid diplomacy?
- UN, NATO, OPEC, Arab League
- How is diplomacy important to liberals?
- It is soft power
- What does noninterference do?
- Prohibits diplomats from becoming involved in the domestic political processes of their hosts
- What are the 5 functions of diplomacy?
- Conflict management, coordination, cross-cultural exchange, negotiation of treaties, program management
- What are the two parts of power?
- Capabilities and influence
- How do realists see the two parts of power?
- Capabilities = influence
- What kind of view does Morgenthau hold?
- Realist
- What do liberals think about power?
- Power is not only exercised in situations of conflict or potential conflict
- When is soft power important?
- Farther from conflict
- What do realists believe about separating high and low politics?
- You can do it
- What do liberals believe about separating high and low politics?
- You can't do it
- Who holds the unitary actor assumption?
- Realists
- Unitary actor assumption
- Realists treat all states as unitary actors, in which high politics are not based on low politics
- Operational codes
- Schemata
- Cognitive complexity
- A characteristic of individuals with the ability to see various sides to issues, not viewing them in simple terms of black and white
- Risky shift
- Individuals respond to real and hypothetical situations more conservatively than when they are in a group
- Instrumental rationality
- Choose means that serve your ends
- Perfect rationality
- All information is available and processed, make best decision possible
- Imperfect rationality
- People do the best they can, act rationally within information processing limits
- Rational actor model
- Clarify goals, decide which are most important
- Satisficing
- Selecting the first course of action that satisfies a minimal set of requirements, yielding an acceptable outcome
- What is satisficing a rebuttal of?
- The rational actor model
- Bounded rationality
- Limited information processing capacity
- What are the 3 aspects of bounded rationality?
- Poor calculation, incomplete search, trading risk
- Prospect theory
- Decision makers are willing to take greater risks to protect what they have, and fewer risks to acquire what they want