unit 3
Terms
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- unsaturated fatty acid
- contain one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydro carbon chain
- alpha helix
- type of secondary structure that looks like a slinky
- glycine
- R group has 1 H
- fatty acids
- simplest lipid, made up of a carboxyl group joined to a long hydrocarbon chain
- carbohydrate
- short term energy storage molecules
- lipid polymer and monomer
- very complex structures
- protein polymer
- polypeptide
- Phospholipids
- similar to fats except that one or sometimes two of the fatty acids are replaced by a phospahate group which is usually linked to a nitrogen containing group, biological memberanes are mostly composed of phospholipids
- polypeptide
- polymer of protein made of many amino acids
- alanine
- R group has 3 H
- carbohydrate monomer
- monosaccharides
- cellulose
- glucose polymer, structural polysaccaride for plants (in cell wall), most abundant organic molecule, humans, lack enzyme needed to digest it, provides dietary fiber, some animals harbor microorganisms needed to consume it
- nucleic acid monomer
- nucleotide
- nucleic acid polymer
- nucleic acids
- monosaccharide
- simple sugar, molecules with carbon skeleton of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, contain aldehyde groups, polar, take shape of a ring in water, carbohydrate monomer
- metabolic pathways
- a series of linked reactions in the cell, do not occur haphazardly (must have both reactant and substrate present)
- Triglycerides (fats and acids)
- long term energy storage molecules (fat in animals: oil in plants), formed during condensation synthesis between 3 fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol [alchol], glycerol is a 3 carbon compound with 3 hydroxyl groups
- waxes in plants
- they form a protective coating on leaves called the cuticle
- glycogen
- glucose polymer, used by animals to store readily available energy stored in liver (up to 2 lbs.), converted to glucose which can fuel the body for several hours
- Steroids
- differ from other lipids in structure, carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings, insoluble in water (hydrophobic, non-polar), foundation of many important biological molecules like hormones
- four classes of organic compounds
- carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, protein
- types of nucleotides in DNA and RNA
- 4
- tertiary protein structure
- 3-D shape the molecule assumes, as a result of twistin, bending, and folding cause by various types of bonding between R groups (H bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds) large proteins
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- the energy molecule that the cell can use
- serine
- R group has 2 H and 1 OH
- hydro carbon chains
- nonpolar, fattyacids, some amino acids (cooking oil)
- functions of protein
- enzymes, support body parts (tendons), hormones (insulin), transport (hemoglobin), muscle cell components (actin, myocin), defense (antibodies)
- types of lipids
- fatty acids, fats and oil (triglycerides), phospholipids, waxes, steroids
- gastic juice contains...
- pepsin which breaks down protein in meat
- starch
- glucose polymer, used by plants to store energy, 2 forms: pectin and amylose
- hormones
- chemical messangers
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- directs the building of proteins based on instruction encoded in DNA
- Quaternary protein structure
- made up of more than 1 strand of polypeptide, Very complex (many enzymes are quaternary proteins)
- estrogen
- female sex hormone
- substrate
- reactants in an enzymtic reaction
- oil
- liquid at room temperature because of moleuclar structures: made from unsaturated fatty acids
- phosphate
- polar, nucleotides, phospholipids (DNA, RNA, ATP)
- beta sheet
- type of secondary structure that looks like an acordian
- maltose
- glucose + glucose (malted milk)
- isomers
- molecules that share the same molecular formula, but differ in the way the atoms are arranged
- properties of organic compounds
- always contain C and H, always covalent bonding, may be quite large with many atoms, usually associated with living organisms
- catabolic
- when large molecules are broken down (hydrolysis = exergonic)
- alcohol
- polar, alchols (glycerol)
- proteins in diet
- 20 amino acids, 8 essential amino acids, 12 non-essential, high quality protein contain all 8 essential ones (meat), low quality protein (plant protein) are incomplete because they lack all 8
- saliva contains...
- amlase which breaks down starch
- nitrogenous base
- nitrogen-containing base/ base because it raises pH of a solution
- testostrone
- male sex hormone
- nucleic acid
- polymer of nucleotides, usually associated with genetic information
- protein monomer
- amino acid
- component of organic compounds
- carbon skeletons
- secondary protein structure
- occurs when segments of polypeptide foil or fold in a perticular way
- amino
- polar, animo acids, tendons, proteins, enzymes,
- disaccharide
- 2 monosaccarides joined by condensation synthesis (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
- molecule
- union of two or more atoms that the smallest unit of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance
- Lipids
- non-polar; organic compounds; hydrophobic; large, structurally diverse group of compounds
- nucleotides
- a molecular complex of 3 types of molecules (pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)
- functional groups
- formed by carbon or carbon skeletons bonded together, characteristic patterns of atoms other than those involved in C-C or C-H bonds, parts of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions, hydrophobic or hydrophilic
- pentose sugar (5 carbon sugar)
- deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA
- factors that affect the rate of enzymatic reactions
- pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme co-factor
- chitin
- glucose polymer with amino acid attached to the gllucose unit, similar structure to cellulose (can't digest it), major sturctural componen to exoskeleton of arthropods, also in cell walls of fungi
- aldehyde
- polar, sugar
- hydrolysis
- using water to break bond formed by condensation synthesis, revering condensation synthesis
- phosphate
- attached to one end of the 5-C sugar ( maybe greater than one phosphate group like in ATP)
- carbohydrate polymer
- polysaccharides
- protein
- composed of 1 or more polypeptide, formed because of condensation reaction between long strings of amino acids
- properties of inorganic compounds
- contain positive and negative ions, usually ionic bonding, always contains a small number of atoms, often associated wtih non living matter
- enzymes
- chemicals that are essential to the chemical reactions of metabolism, they speed up reactions, are catalysts (are specific to one substrate, enzymes are reusable)
- monomer
- molecular building blocks (or units)
- catalyst
- something that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
- elements carbon usually bonds with
- N, O, H, C
- lactose
- galactose + glucose (milk sugar)
- hydroxyl
- oxygen bonded to hydrogen (OH)
- four bonds of carbon
- 4 single bonds, 2 single and 1 double, 1 triple and 1 single
- organic compounds
- the elements most comonly found in living things are C, O, N, H, P, S
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- the molecule that stores genetic information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are to be joined in the synthesis of proteins
- inorganic compounds
- constitute non-living matter
- macromers
- long chain of polymers
- organic molecule
- are formed when H, N, and O (and other elements) bond to carbon (biologists think they must always contain C and H)
- condensation synthesis
- used to synthesis polymers, water is realeased, monomers bond together once the water is gone
- transfats
- come from trans-fatty acids: fatty acids that are man made; unsaturated fatty acid molecules are altered structuarally
- metabolism
- the sum of chemical reactions in a cell during growth and repair, catabolic reactions + anabolic reactions, should be an equilibrium, exergonic reactions fuel endogonc reactions (coupled reaction)
- how phospholipids are formed
- formed from condensation synthesis between on glycerol and a phosphate group and 2 fatty acids
- waxes in animals
- ear wax which protects you middle ear from microorganisms
- Waxes
- a type of structural lipid, consisit of a long fatty acid chain bonded to a long alcohol chain, highly water proof
- carboxyl group in fatty acid
- carboxyl group is the acidic part of the molecule (ionies to release H+), carboxyl group is also polar and so it will dissolve in water; the remainder of the molecule (hydrocarbon chain) which will not dissolve in water
- active site
- place which engages substrate to cause reaction
- cholesterol
- some good (HDL), some bad (LDL), essencial to develop nervous systems, a component of cell membrane
- sucrose
- glucose + fructose (table sugar)
- endothermic
- takes up heat, feels cooler
- denaturation of proteins
- temperature, pH, salinity (alter the shape, alter the function)
- lipids contain...
- carbon(C) and hydrogen (H) with small amounts of oxygen, sometimes also we will see Nitrogen (N) and Phosphoris (P)
- Condensation Synthesis to form a triglyceride
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids = tryglyceride + 3 water
- polymer
- long chain of monomers
- anabolic
- when large molecules are synthesized (condensation synthesis = endergonic)
- exothermic
- gives off heat
- polysaccharides
- (complex carbohydrates) long polymer of monosaccarides joined by condensation synthesis, polymer of carbohydrates
- carboxyl
- polar, fatty acids, amino acids (oils)
- amino acids
- differ according to R group, 20 different amino acids, always include: central carbon bonded to hydrogen, amino group, R group
- fats
- solids at room temp because of molecular: made from saturated fatty acids, ex. lard, butter,
- primary protein structure
- the simplest of protein structures, the unique sequencing of amino acids