Animals-Biology
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- What characterizes an animal? (5)
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1. animals are multicellular organisms that develop from embryos
2. all animals are eukaryotes and most reproduce sexually
3. animals never display alternation of generations
4. nearly all animals are heterotrophic
5. almost all animals contain many different kids of specialized cells - Define tissue:
- groups of similar cells
- Name different examples of tissues:
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Muscle
epithelium
connective tissue - Define organ:
- Two or more kinds of tissues; structural unit with a distinctive function
- What is a zoologist?
- A biolgist that studies animals
- How many different phyla can animals be divided into?
- 35
- List the two subkingdoms of animals:
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1. Eumetazoa
2. Parazoa - Define: Eumetazoa
- Includes most of the 45 billion names species of living animals
- Define: Parazoa
- includes 5,000 species of sponges
- How are Eumetazoa divided into phyla?
- Based on the way their embroys develop
- Eumetazoa: state what happens after fertilization
- After fertilization, a zygote divides via mitosis to produce a hollow ball of cells called a BLASTULA
- When a blastula begins to fold in on itself, what is that called?
- Blastopore
- List the three layers that occur from the cavity that is created from the blastopore:
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1. Endoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Ectoderm - Define: Endoderm
- innermost layer, gives rise to the intestines and other digestive organs
- Define: ectoderm
- the outermost layer, gives rise to the skin, sense organs and nervous tissue
- Define: mesoderm
- Middle layer, gives rise to the muscle and connective tissue
- Eumetazoans are subdivided into which groups?
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Coelomates
Acoleomates - What Eumetazoan subdivision are humans found in?
- Coelomates
- Name the two groups that the Coelomates are divided into
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1. Protosomes
2. Dueterostromes - Define: protosome
- Mouth develops from the blastopore and are the most common
- Define: dueterostromes
- anus develops from the blastopore
- Define: amphibian
- Terrestrial animals that begin their lives in the water
- List the three orders of the phyla: Amphibia
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1. Urdoela
2. Anura
3. Caecilians - What are Urodela
- Salamanders
- List the several problems vertebrates had to solve in order to colonize the land
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1. need to obtain and conserve water
2. need to extract oxygen from air rather than water
3. need strong skeletons
4. control fluctuations in body temperature
5. still need a watery environment for fertilization and early development
6. lungs and limbs - What are Anura
- Frogs and toads
- What are Caecilians
- tropical, subterranean and lack feet; resemble earthworms
- True or false: amphibians can gulp air and absorb oxygen through their skin
- True
- True or false: Amphibians both drink water and absorb it through their skin
- False: do not drink water
- State the amphibian life cycle (2 stages)
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1. Aquatic
2. Terrestrial - Where is the fertilized egg (amphibian) laid?
- In water where is develops into aquatic larva or tadpole
- The tadpole becomes __________ in a process called__________
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1. Terrestrial
2. Metamorphosis - How many species of reptiles are there?
- 6,000
- List the three orders of reptiles
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1. Crocodilia
2. chelonia
3. squamata - What are crocodilia?
- Crocodiles and aligators
- What are chelonia?
- Turtles and tortoises
- What are squamata?
- Lizards
- True or false: reptiles are the first vertebrates to be able to live both in and out of the water
- False: first to have freed themselves of life in water
- Describe the reptilian skin:
- Dry, watertight skin to help conserve water
- True or false: reptiles have both lungs and gills
- False: they rely entirely on their lungs
- Define: cloaca
- Common opening shared by the digestive, urinary and reproduction features
- Reptiles developed the amniotic egg with the following components:
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1. a porus shell that allows gas exchange with the outside
2. outer membrane
3. amnion-membrane that encloses the developing embryo - Define chorion
- the outer membrane of the amniotic egg
- What is a yolk?
- Rich food supply for the developing embryo
- True or false: all reptiles and their descendents have amniotic eggs?
- True
- Define ectotherms:
- Reptiles are ectotherms and depend on external sources of heat for body temperature regulation
- Define endotherms:
- Mammals and birds, maintain their body temp by capturing heat released by their metabolism and releasing heat from their bodies
- Name three features of birds that distinguish them from reptiles
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1. feathers
2. Flight
3. Endothermic - True or false: bird fertilization occurs in the nest
- False: internally
- Name other adaptations that lightened the bird's body for flight:
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1. loss of teeth
2. hollowing of bones
3. reshaping of the breastbone to accomodate larger muscles - List two aspects that distinguish mammals
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1. take their name from having mammary glands
2. mammals have hair and two sets of teeth - True or false: most mammals are Eutherians
- True
- What are placental mammals called?
- Eutherians
- Briefly describe the reproductive process of marsupials:
- Produce newborns, undeveloped fetuses, pulls along the mother's fur until it finds a nipple, fetus latches on until its developed
- Define Metatherian
- Marsupial
- What is a Prototherian?
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1. lay eggs similar to reptiles and birds
2. digestive and reproductive systems open up into a cloaca
3. platypus and spiny anteater - What are monotremes?
- Are prototherians, and include the platypus and spiny anteater