Chapter 4 - Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain
Terms
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- What is the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?
- The portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Responsible of receiving, processing, interpreting and storing of sensory information.
- What is the SPINAL CORD?
- A collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, protected by a column of bones, the spinal column.
- What is the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?
- All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; in includes sensory and motor nerves.
- What is the SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
- The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; sometimes called the SKELETAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
- What are the two parts of the Periperipheral Nervous System?
- 1. The Somatic Nervous System and 2. the Autonomic Nervous System.
- What is the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
- The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the glands, blood vessels, internal organs.
- What is the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
- The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress.
- What is the PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
- The subdivision of the autonomic nervous systems that operations during relaxed states and that conserves energy.
- What is a NEURON?
- A cell that conducts electrochemical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell.
- What is the CELL STRUCTURE OF THE NERUORN?
- Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon. Remember by Dogs Can Bark Always, DCBA
- What is a DENDRITE?
- A neuron's branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body.
- What is the CELL BODY?
- The part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire.
- What is an AXON?
- A neuron's extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons.
- What is the MYELIN SHEATH?
- A fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron. Remember as insulation on a wire.
- What is the STRUCTURE OF A NEURON?
- Incoming neural impulses are received by the Dendrites of a neuron and are transmitted to the cell body. Outgoing signals pass along the axon to terminal branches.
- What is a NERVE?
- A bundle of nerve fibers (axons and sometimes Dendrites) in the peripheral nervous system.
- NEUROGENISIS is?
- The production of new neurons from immature stem cells.
- What is a STEM CELL?
- Immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; give encouraging environments, stem cells from early embryos can develop into any cell type.
- What is a SYNAPSE?
- The site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell.
- What are ENFORPHINS?
- They are chemical substances that create the WOW! Are similar in structure and action to opiates; they are involved in pain reduction, pleasure and memory.
- What are HORMONES?
- The Long Distance Messengers. Hormones are chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the functioning of other organs.
- What are the ENDOCRINE GLANDS?
- Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream.
- What is MELATONIN?
- A hormone, secreted the the PINEAL GLAND, that is involved in the regulation of daily biological rhythms.
- What are the ADRENAL HORMONES?
- Hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands and that are involved in emotion and stress.
- What are SEX HORMONES?
- Hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the development of male and female sexual characteristics; they include androgens, estrogen, and progesterone.
- What is an ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM - EEG?
- A recording of neural activity detected by electrodes.
- What is TRANCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION - TMS?
- A method method of stimulating brain cells, using a powerful magnetic field producted by a wire coil placed on a person's head; it can be used by researches to temporarily inactive neural circuits and is also being used therapeutically.
- What is a PET scan?
- Positron-emission tomography, is a method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, using injections of glucose-like substance containing a radioactive element.
- What is an MRI?
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers.
- Waht is the BRAIN STEM?
- The part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla adn the pons.
- What is the PONS?
- A structure in the brain stem involved in, among other things, sleeping, waking and dreaming.
- What is the MEDULLA?
- A structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions including breathing adn heart rate.
- What is the RESTICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM - RAS?
- A defense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information.
- What is the CEREBELLUM?
- A dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information.
- What is the THALMUS?
- Referred to as the Busy Traffic Officer of the brain; a brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex.
- What is the HYPOTHALAMUS?
- A brain structure residing under the Thalamus that is involved in emotions and drives vital to survival, such as fear, hunger, thirst and reproduction; it regulates the autonomic nervous system.
- What is the PITUITARY GLAND?
- A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain which releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands.
- What is the LIMBRIC SYSTEM?
- A group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior.
- What is the AMYGDALA?
- A brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information.
- What is the HIPPOCAMPUS?
- A brain structure involved in the storage of new information in memory.
- What is the CEREBRUM?
- The largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain; divided into two hemispheres, it si in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. From the Latin for Brain.
- What is the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES?
- The two halves of the cerebrum.
- What is the CORPUS CALLOSUM?
- The bundles of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
- What is LATERALIZATION?
- Specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres for particular operations.
- What is the CEREBRAL CORTEX?
- A collection of several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum; it is largely responsible for higher mental functions. Cortex is Latin for Bark or Rind.
- Waht are the FOUR REGIONS OF THE BRAIN?
- Occipital lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, frontal lobes.
- The OCCIPITAL LOBE is responsible for?
- Visual processing.
- What is the PARIETAL LOBE responsible for?
- Processing of pressure, pain, touch, temperature.
- What are the Temporal Lobes responsible for:
- Memory, perception, emotion, hearing, language comprehension.
- What are the FRONTAL LOBES respnsibile for?
- Movement, short-term memory, planning, setting goals, creative thinking, initiative, social judgment, rational decision making, speech production.