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Biology 30S

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What are the 4 factors that influence movement across the cell membrane?
1. Polarity 2. Concentration Gradient 3. Size of molecule 4. The surface area of the cell-size
What are the 3 general functions of the cell membrane?
1. Isolate cell's contents from external environment 2. Regulates the exchange of essential substances between the cell's contents and the external environment 3. It communicates with other cells
What is the cell membrane also called?
Plasma membrane
What two components is the cell/plasma membrane made of?
1. Phospholipid bilayer 2. Proteins
Phospholipd heads are ________. Phospholipid tails are ________.
Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic
What do proteins do on the cell membrane?
They allow hydrophilic molecules into the cells that cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer
What is another name for water diffusion?
Osmosis
Define hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic.
Hypertonic: Higher concentration of dissolved particles. Hypotonic: Lower concentration of dissolved particles. Isotonic: Same concentration of dissolved particles.
What is an exergonic reaction? What is an endergonic reaction? What is metabolism?
Exergonic: A reaction that releases or produces energy. Endergonic: A reaction that absorbs or requires energy. Metabolism: All of your body's chemical reactions.
What is cellular respiration?
The breakdown of sugar and produces energy
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H20 + 6CO2 + ENERGY
What molecule is the energy produced by cellular respiration stored in?
An ATP molecule
Give 3 points of wellness
-the way you eat -regular exercise -amount of sunlight -stress -relationships -social balance -emotional poise -mental balance -spiritual well being -relation
Explain Homeostasis
The sum of all the processes bu which a steady state is maintained in the internal environment is called Homesostasis
Explain Thermoregulation
The balance of the temperature of your body, the temperature of the body should be maintained at 36.5
Explain Osmoregulation
The balance of water within your body, including cells and the body in general. The regulation of salt and ions within the cell and its membrane
What is Negative Feedback?
when homeostasis is controlled by the nervous system, it needs a control panel, which is controlled by the negative feedback system. Basically, when your body becomes off its normal track, the negative feedback system is kicked in to make your body go back to normal.
Nutrition includes life activities like? _______ x5
food getting, digestion, absorbtion, assimilation, growth, irratibility, respiration, reproduction, excretion, secretion, metabolism
Describe the main role of the cell membrane
to protect the inside of the cell from the outer.
What is phagocytosis?
where the cell receives materials by engulfing particles through vacuoles.
What is ponocytosis?
whre the cell membrane pinches off and form food vaculoes
Give 5 factors which influence the movement of materials.
-the size of the molecules -the concentration gradient -temperature -polarity of the molecules -surface area of the cell
What is ATP?
Adenosine Tri Phosphate. Or, energy.
The 3 main components in ATP are?
Adenine, Ribose, Phosphate
How is ATP made?
When ADP latches onto another phosphate.
What is the primary source of ATP?
Glucose.
Where does the breakdown of glucose start?
In the cytoplasm
Where does the end of the production of ATP take place?
Within the mitochondria
Where does mechanical digestion take place?
In the mouth.
What are 2 parts of the hard palate? 2 Parts of the Soft Palate?
teeth to the roof of the mouth (hard) the tongue and membranes (soft)
When you are ready to swallow your tongue pushes the food to the back of the throat called the ________
pharynx
At the base of the pharynx is a the _____, when swallowing the eppiglotus covers the ________
eppiglotus, trachea
After food is swallowed it moves to the _____-
esophagus
What is happening when your stomach "growls"
It is trying to churn air.
Salavary glands release enzymes called __________ ________ to digest starch into compound sugars called ________
salavary amylase, dissacharaides.
The pancreas releases more enzymes to break down carbohydrates further including ____ x3
maltose lactose sucrose
Carbohydrates are finally broken down into what molecule?
glucose

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