Gilded Age
1877-1900
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- Fredrick Jackson Turner
- 1893 The Significance of the Frontier in American History (America needed a frontier)
- vertical integration
- controlled ALL aspects of industry
- Dwight Lyman Moody
- gospel of kindness & forgiveness ;; 1889 founded Moody Bible Institute in Chicago
- "dry farming"
- using shallow cultivation methods to plant & farm ;; over time, finely pulverized surface soil --> Dust Bowl
- Mary Baker Eddy
- founded Church of Christ ;; wrote Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875)
- Henry George
- Progress and Poverty (graduated income tax)
- Charlottle Perkins Gilman
- Women and Economics
- interlocking directorates
- placed own men on boards of directors of rival competitors
- Frank Norris
- The Octopus
- Apache Tribes
- led by Geronimo ;; surrendered and became famers
- Samuel Glidden
- invented barbed wire
- Joseph Pulitzer
- New York World
- J.P. Morgan
- banking ;; used interlocking directorates
- National Labor Union
- 1866 ;; 600,000 members ;; excluded Chinese, blacks, women ;; arbitration of industrial disputes & 8-hr workday
- John Wesley Powell
- warned that so little rain fell past the 100th meridan line
- Hatch Act of 1887
- federal funds for establishment of agricultural experiment stations
- Carrie Chapman Catt
- led women activists ;; General Federation of Women's Clubs
- Walter Rauschenbusch & Washington Gladden
- preached social "social gospel" ~ churches tackle burning social issues
- Ida Wells
- National Association of Colored Women
- Charles Darwin
- On the Origin of Species
- Bessemer process
- discovered by William Kelly ;; cold air blown on red-hot iron burned carbon deposits
- Fifty-Niners
- gold hunters in Pike's Peak, Colorado
- Helen Hunt Jackson
- A Century of Dishonor (U.S. gov't dealings with Indians)
- pools
- trusts (defensive alliances)
- Andrew Carnegie
- steel ;; used vertical integration
- Wabash case
- states couldn't regulate interstate commerce
- Atchison, Topeka, Santa Fe
- 1884 through Southwest deserts
- Stephen Crane
- Maggie: Girl of the Streets ;; The Red Badge of Courage
- Colonel J.M. Chivington
- 1864 Sand Creek: massacred 400 Indians
- Kate Chopin
- The Awakening
- Henry W. Grady
- editor of Atlanta constitution ;; urged South to industrialize
- Battle of Wounded Knee
- federal troops stamped out "Ghost Dance" & marks end of Indian wars
- American Federation of Labor
- 1886 founded by Samuel Gompers ;; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions ;; skilled laborers, willing to let unskilled fend for themselves, small minority
- Women's Christian Temperance Union
- led by Frances E. Willard & Carrie A. Nation
- George Inness
- leading landscapist
- John Hopkins University
- first high-grade graduate school
- Knights of Labor
- 1869 led by Terence V. Powderly ;; barred liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, stockholders ;; economic & social reform
- Wyoming Stock Growers' Associaton
- breeders organization --> legends of cowboys
- Lillian Ward
- 1893 Henry Street Settlement (NY)
- Theodore Dreiser
- Sister Carrie
- Jack London
- The Call of the Wild, The Iron Heel
- American Protective Association (APA)
- anti-foreign organization that went against new immigrants & tried to stop them
- Union Pacific Railroad
- 1862 Omaha, Nebraska --> CA
- Bret Harte
- CA gold rush stories
- "birds of passage"
- immigrants who stayed in U.S. for short time & returned to Europe
- United States Steel Corporation
- 1901 launched by Morgan ;; 1st billion dollar corporation in the world
- Jane Addams
- 1889 founded Hull House ;; taught skills & knowledge, social reforms, women activism
- Chautauqua Movement
- 1874 launched;; public lectures
- Henry James
- Daisy Miller, Portrait of a Lady
- Mark Twain
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, The Gilded Age, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
- Horatio Alger
- virtue, honesty, industry rewarded by success
- Edwin L. Godkin
- New York Nation (1865)
- "stock watering"
- over-inflate worth of stocks & sold at huge profits
- Phineas T. Barnum & James A. Bailey
- 1881 "Greatest show on Earth"
- Henry H. Richardson
- "Richardsonian" architecture
- William Randolph Hearst
- San Francisco Examiner
- Booker T. Washington
- ex-slave ;; headed industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama ;; avoided social equality, Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights
- Charles Dana Gibson
- created Gibson Girl
- John D. Rockefeller
- oil ;; used horizontal integration ;; formed Standard Oil
- Central Pacific Railroad
- CA ;; backed by Big Four incl. Leland Stanford (ex-gov'r of CA) + Collis P. Huntington
- Cornelius Vanderbilt
- headed New York Central ;; financed western railroads
- Victoria Woodhull & Tennessee Chaflin
- Woodull and Claflin's Weekly
- General Lewis Wallace
- Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ
- Nez Perce Indians
- revolted when gold hunters made gov't shrink reservation by 90%
- methods of corporation to discourage unions
- hiring strikebreakers, asked courts to cease, bring in troops, "lockouts", "ironclad oaths", "yellow dog contracts", blacklists
- James Buchanan Duke
- American Tobacco Company ;; DUKE UNIVERSITY
- Influences of Railroads
- stitched nation together, huge market, jobs, industrialization of America, mining & agriculture in west
- Causes for Indian subdue
- railroad, white man's diseases, extermination of buffalo, wars, loss of land to white settlement
- Paul Laurence Dunbar & Charles W. Chesnutt
- black writers who used black dialect
- Farmer's Alliance
- late 1870s ;; aimed at land owners, ignored tenant farmers, excluded blacks ;; agreed on nationalization of railroads, abolition of national banks, graduated income tax, federal sub-treasury
- Anthony Comstock
- war on the "immoral"
- James Whistler & John Singer Sargent
- went to Europe to study art
- National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange)
- 1867 founded by Oliver H. Kelley ;; improved lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, fraternal activitie
- Great Northern
- James J. Hill ;; Duluth --> Seattle
- Winslow Homer
- most famous and greatest painter
- Augustus Saint-Gaudens
- made Robert Gould Savo Memorial
- Southern Pacific
- 1884 New Orleans --> San Francisco
- James Naismith
- 1891 invented basketball
- Emily Dickinson
- poet ;; poems published after death
- Homestead Act of 1862
- 160 acres of land in return for living on land for 5 yrs, improving it, paying nominal fee of $30 ; or after 6 months, get land for $1.25/acre
- Walt Whitman
- Leaves of Grass
- Greenback Labor Party
- attracted farmers ;; elected 14 Congress members ;; ran General James B. Weaver
- George Washington Carver
- student of B.T. Washington ;; found ways of uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans
- Marry Cassatt
- portraits of women & children
- Reverend Russell Conwell
- "Acres of Diamonds" speech
- Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
- banned rebates, pools, required railroads to openly publish rates & forbade discrimination against shippers, banned charging more for short haul than long one ;; set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
- Florence Kelley
- fought for protection of women workers & against child labor
- People's Party (Populist Party)
- led by Ignatius Donnelly & Mary Elizabeth Lease (both spoke against banks & railroads)
- Morrill Act of 1862
- generous grant of public lands to states in support of education
- Jay Gould
- embezzled stocks from Erie, Kansas Pacific, Union Pacific, Texas and Pacific railroad companies
- "safety valve theory"
- unemployed go West & become farmers
- Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
- dissolved legal entities of all tribes but if Indians were "good" (farmers), they could get full U.S. citizenship in 25 yrs + full title to holdings
- Vassar
- college for women
- Dr. Charles W. Eliot
- president of Harvard
- Thomas Eakins
- realist painter
- Louis Pasteurs & Joseph Lister
- improved medical science and health
- Edward Bellamy
- Looking Backward (1888)
- Louis Sullivan
- architect ;; skyscrapers (1885 1st in Chicago)
- "dime novels"
- Wild West & other romantic settings
- Treaty of Fort Laramie
- gov't abandoned Bozeman Trail
- yellow journalism
- wild & fantastic stories on sex, scandal...
- Northern Pacific Railroad
- 1883 Lake Superior --> Puget Sound
- "Wild West" shows
- "Buffalo Bill" Cody & Annie Oakley
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- forbade combinations in restraint of trade without distinction of "good" or "bad" trusts
- Haymarket Square
- May 4, 1886 ;; Chicago police vs. Knights ;; dynamite bomb killed several dozen ;; 8 anarchists arrested
- Thomas Edison
- inventor of electric light bulb, phonograph...
- National American Suffrage Association
- 1890 led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony
- nativism
- Germans & western Europeans looked down upon new Slavs & Baltics ;; "native" Americans blamed new immigrants for degration of urban gov't
- W.E.B. Du Bois
- first black to get Ph.D. from Harvard ;; founded National Association for Advancement of Colored People (1910)
- William Dean Howells
- editor-in-chief of Atlantic Monthly
- Alexander Graham Bell
- inventor of telephone
- Eli Whitney
- inventor of cotton gin
- Battle of Little Big Horn
- Crazy Horse and Sioux defeated Custers' 7th cavalry
- "Long Drive"
- Texas cowboys herded cattle to railroad teminals in Kansas
- William James
- Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe (1897), Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), *Pragmatism (1907)
- horizontal integration
- allied with competitors to monopolize given market (trusts)
- Clara Burton
- 1881 American Red Cross
- Associated Press
- established in 1840s ;; helped to offset some bad journalism
- Cardinal Gibbons
- preached American unity