Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach CH6

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ARNETT, ADOLESCENCE AND EMERGING ADULTHOOD
CH 6 ONLINE EXAM STUDY GUIDE

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T/F Erikson described adolescence as often including a psychosocial moratorium, a period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves.: TRUE. In Erikson's view, the psychosocial moratorium is not characteristic of all societies but only those with individualistic values, in which individual choice is supported.
One aspect of the capacity for abstraction in adolescents' self-conceptions is that they can distinguish between an actual self and __________ selves.: possible selves. In adolescence, self-conceptions become still more trait-focused and the traits become more abstract, as they describe themselves in terms of intangible personality characteristics.
Identity: Adolescents' perceptions of their capacities and characteristics and how these fit into the opportunities available to them in their society. Identity issues are especially central to emerging adulthood, even more than in adolescence.
Issues of __________ involve thinking about who you are, where your life is going, what you believe in, and how your life fits into the world around you.: Identity. It is the adolescents' nascent capacity for self-reflection that makes consideration of identity issues possible.
T/F For most young people, self-esteem rises during emerging adulthood.: TRUE. By emerging adulthood, young people have passed through the awkward changes of puberty and may be more comfortable with how they look.
T/F Global competence is one of the eight domains of adolescent self-image according to Harter's Self Perception Profile for Adolescents?: FALSE. Harter's research indicates that adolescents do not have to have a positive self-image in all eight domains to have high global self-esteem.
The changes in practices and beliefs in traditional cultures that are occurring because of globalization may lead less to a bicultural identity and more to a __________ identity.: hybrid. A hybrid identity integrates local culture with elements of the global culture.
According to Erikson __________ is the central issue of young adulthood.: intimacy versus isolation. Research on the relation between identity and intimacy has often focused on gender differences, with most studies indicating that intimacy issues arise earlier for females than for males
A __________ identity is an identity based on identifications presented as undesirable or dangerous.: negative. Some young people find it difficult to sort out all the possibilities that life presents them and at the extreme, they may develop a negative identity.
T/F The identity development of ethnic minority adolescents is likely to be more complex than that of majority culture adolescents.: TRUE. Adolescents become more acutely aware of the prejudices and stereotypes that others may hold about their ethnic group.
Morris Rosenberg distinguished between baseline self-esteem and __________ self-esteem.: barometric self-esteem. According to Rosenberg, early adolescence is a time when variations in barometric self-esteem are especially intense.
Identity diffusion: Status that combines no exploration with no commitment
T/F Feeling accepted and approved by others is the factor identified by theorists and researchers as the most important for high self-esteem, and if parents provide love and encouragement, adolescent self-esteem in enhanced.: TRUE. School success has also been found to be related to self-esteem in adolescence, and more recent studies have found that school success is a cause, rather than a consequence of, self-esteem.
______ is the way a person views and evaluates himself or herself.: Self-image is closely related to self-esteem, which is a person's overall sense of worth and well-being.
An aspect of the increasing complexity of self-conceptions is that adolescents become aware of times when they are exhibiting a _______.: false self. Harter's research indicates that adolescents are most likely to put on their false selves with dating partners, and least likely with their close friends, with parents in between.
Assimilation: Involves leaving behind one's ethnic group and adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture.
T/F Erikson's assertions of the prominence of identity issues in adolescence apply across cultures.: FALSE. Limitations on exploration in both love and work are tighter in traditional cultures than in Western culture.
Identity moratorium: Status that combines no exploration with no commitment
According to Erikson, during adolescence the central issue is __________.: identity versus identity confusion. Identity formation involves sifting through the range of life choices available in your culture, trying out various possibilities, and ultimately making commitments. Identity formation involves sifting through the range of life choices available in your culture, trying out various possibilities, and ultimately making commitments.
T/F One of the reasons that adolescents are able to engage in the frequent self-reflection that allows them to consider their self-conceptions, self-esteem, emotional states, and identity is that they are often by themselves.: TRUE. Larson and Richards concluded that adolescents use their time alone for self-reflection and mood management.
Identity achievement: Status that combines exploration with achievement
There are two kinds of possible selves, an ideal self and a __________ self.: feared self. The feared self is the person the adolescent imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming.
In Erikson's view identity formation is founded partly in the __________ the adolescent has accumulated in childhood.: identifications. Children identify with their parents and other loved ones as they grow up and when adolescence come, adolescents reflect on their identifications, rejecting some and embracing others.
Separation: Involves associating only with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture
T/F Research by Harter and others has found that social acceptance from peers is most strongly related to global self-esteem, followed by physical appearance.: FALSE. Adolescent girls are more likely than boys to emphasize physical appearance as a basis for self-esteem, which largely explains the gender difference in self-esteem that occurs at adolescence.
T/F In collectivistic cultures, to a large extent the interdependent conception of the self; is defined by relationships with others.: TRUE. In collectivistic cultures, an interdependent conception of the self prevails and the interests of the group are supposed to come first, before the needs of the individual.
Among the issues that adolescents confront is how to understand and manage their feelings. This is best exemplified by changes in their:: Emotional Understanding. Larson and Richards emphasize that it is not just that adolescents experience potentially stressful events, but how they experience and interpret them that underlies their emotional volatility.
Robert Weiss has made an important and influential distinction between two types of loneliness: social loneliness and __________ loneliness: emotional. Social loneliness reflects a deficit in sheer quantity of social contacts and relationships, whereas emotional loneliness reflects a deficit in the emotional quality of a person's relationship.
Biculturalism: Involves developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one based in the majority culture
T/F Self-esteem increases from preadolescence to adolescence.: FALSE. The combination of greater peer-orientation, greater self-consciousness about evaluations by peers, and peers' potentially harsh remarks contributes to declines in self-esteem at adolescence.
Identity foreclosure: Status that combines no exploration with commitment
Marginality: Involves rejecting one's culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture.

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