Geology Mid term

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How is light produced?: by electrons falling back
What galaxy do we live in?: milkyway galaxy
What is radio- atonic?: the breaking up of nuclear activity
How are humans formed?: -formed from hydrogen atoms, iron, calcium, etc.
-we are recyled bits of stars that that may have exploded
Where do hydrogen atoms, iron, calcium, etc come from?: -they came from some previous star.
How were the planets formed?: -formed by dust and debris from the sun
Where do atoms come from that makes us up?: -stars
Where does hydrogen and some helium come from?: -the Big Bang
What is the core made up of?: -iron
What is the mantle made up of?: -olivine
Where is the crust most thick at?: -near the mountains
What are platetectonics?: -it is the outer layers of the earth moving around
What are the six minerals that make up a rock?: -Pyroxene
-olivine
-amphibole
-mica
-felspar
-quartz
What are isotopes?: -different kinds/ varieties of the same element (identified by the numer of protons)
What are ions?: -atoms that have a charge

(by gaining electrons...they bcome negatively charged; by losing electrons...they become positively charged)
What are atoms made up of in the inside? Outside?: -inside: protons and electrons
-outside: electrons
What is ionic bonding?: -the transfer of electrons...makes ions that attract
What is covalent bonding?: -where atoms share electrons (H20)
Between a Continental Volcano and a Ocean Floor volcano, which one is more viscous?: -the continental volcano
What does Eutectic mean?: it is where everything crystalizes at the same time. The point where they both meet.
Bowens Reaction theory was an attempt for what?: -it was an attempt at an explanation as to liquid and magma rock crystalling
If you start with 80% water and 20% anti-freeze, what will be the ending result?: the same as what you started
What is the earth made up of?: Silicon
Oxygen
Magnessium
Iron
When crystals are noticeable, what does that represent?: slow cooling
What does the term aphanitic mean?: fine grained crystls (small crystals)
What does phaneritic mean?: coarse grained (larger crystals)
When are rocks intrusive?: when you can inevitably see crystals.
What are the characteristics of sedimentary rocks?: *Grains and Layers
What are the two types of sedimentary rocks?: Detrital and chemical
What are derital rocks?: -an accumulation of grains and particles

*transported as solid particles derived from mechanical and chemical weatering
What are examples of detrital rocks and what mineral or rockit may have been derived from?: -gravel (conglomerate)
-sandstone (sand)
-mudstone (silts and clays)
What are chemical sedimentary rocks?: form from some type of chemical process or soluble material which was produced by chemical weathering
Shale (silts/clay), conglomerates, and sand....place these in the order from the smallest to the largest.: shale, sand, and conglomerate
What is erosion?: the picking up of grains
What is the process of mechanical weathering?: 1. frost wedging
2. biological wedging (plants opening
cracks)
3. thermal expansion (rocks expand/
contract b/c of temp.)
4. unloading (pressure release/ rocks
become sheets)
What are the 3 Chemical weathering process?: - dissolution (salt,sugar or limestone dissolves)

-oxidaton (iron or rich silicate minerals rust/ rocks reacting with oxygen)

-hydrolysis (silicate structures broken into clay)
What are the layers of the soil?: O horizon- top soil
A horizon- top soil
E horizon- leach (depletion of soluable materials from top soil)
B horizon- parental
What is the charge on quartz?: none
if the lines are straight, what typ of bed form would it produce?: 2-d structutre
If the lines are wavy, what type of bedform would be produced?: 3-d structure
Where are channels?: where water flows all the time and moves sedimentary materials both ways
What is a flood plain?: this is where deposition goes on at the time of flooding. you later get mud..then the water dries up and returns to the channel.
These three faces get a grain moving.: Lift
pressure
friction
What would be the typical sequence in the meandering stream?: Erosion surface
sand
mud
What causes waves?: wind
What are igneous rocks?: -they form from molten material

*(groups of minerals from liquid that form rock and are crystalized)
What are sedimentary rocks?: -come from a preious rock. You have to have weathering.
What are metamorphic rocks?: -they have a distinct form. they are formed where the pressure was intense and the heat was high.
What is a polymorph?: minerals that look different, but are of the same composition
At what temp and pressure do sedimentary rocks form?: low temp/pressure
When one plate goes downward under another, what is that called?: zone of subduction
If oxygen has 2 electrons on the first shell; and 4 electrons on the outer shell...what does it become?: *a -2 ion
What type of rocks does the ocean floor contain?: *basaltic rocks
What type of minerals does the basaltic rock contain?: plgioclase feldspar and magnessium
What type of rocks are located on the continental floor?: *roks that are granitic in composition
If a crossbed is 1-2 meters in depth...what is it called?: *3-d dune
If the cross bed is 1 ft high..What type of crossbed is it?: *2- dune
If a crossbed is only about centimeters high...what is it called?: ripples
What is the light spectrum used for?: *used to determine which elements are present in the galaxy
What are plates and what part of the earth does it include?: *it is the lithosphere that has a thickness of 1,000 km.

*it includes the crust of the earth and the mantle.
Why do only 2 tides occur?: *b/c of gravity and centripital force

*u get 2 tides 12 hrs apart and 2small tides in between
When the sun and moon are in line with each other, tides are at their highest and they occur twice a month... what type of tide is it called?: *spring tide
When the sun and moon are at right angles, there are small high tides/low tides, and occurs twice a month..what is it called?: *neap tides
Which series includes feldspars, has a 3-d structure and shares all four of its electrons?: *Continous series
Which series tetrahydra doesn't share any oxygens and a chemical reactions occur?: *discontinous

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