freshman seminar vocab
Terms
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- vertical transmission
- for infectious agents in general, transmission of an agent from an individual to its offspring. i.e., from one generation to the next
- half-life
- the time required for the activity of a substance to be reduced by half
- hypertrophy
- general increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation
- perixosome
- a membrane-bound organelle occurring in many eukaryotic cells that often has an electron-dense crystalline inclusion containing catalase, urate oxidase, and other oxidative enzymes relating to the formation and degradation of hydrogen peroxide
- mycoplasma
- a genus of aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria containing gram negative cells that do not possess a true cell wall, but are bounded by a three-layered membrane
- codon
- a set of three consecutive nucleotides in a strand of DNA or RNA that provides the genetic information to code for a specific amino acid which will be incorporated into a protein chain or serve as a termination signal
- idiopathic
- denoting a disease of unknown cause
- xenobiotic
- a pharmacologically, endocrinologically or toxicologically active substance not endogenously produced and therefore foreign to an organism
- diaphysis
- the shaft of a bone
- binary fission
- the process by which a cell is divided into two equal new cells
- morbidity
- the ratio or percentage of individuals exhibiting clinical signs of disease in relation to the number of individuals in the group
- neoplasia
- the pathologic process that results in the formation and growth of a neoplasm
- translation
- the process by which messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomes effect the production of protein from amino acids
- caspases
- enzymes that perform the rapid removal of a cell to avoid the inflammatory aspects of cell necrosis
- anabolism
- the building up in the body of complex chemical compounds from smaller simpler compounds, requiring the use of energy
- aerobic
- living in air
- mortality
- the percentage of deaths in relation to the number of individuals in the group
- iatrogenic
- transmission of infectious agents due to medical interference
- chemotoxis
- movement of cells or organisms in response to chemicals, usually along a concentration gradient of the chemical
- thrombus
- a clot in the cardiovascular system formed during the life from constituents of blood
- tertiary structure
- the third level of structural organization in a macromolecule. the way in which helices or sheets are folded and arranged to give the three-dimensional structure of the protein
- syndrome
- a series of signs that indicates a disease condition
- benign
- denoting the mild character of an illness or the nonmalignant nature of a neoplasm
- active transport
- the passage of ions or molecules across a cell membrane, not by passive diffusion, but by an energy-consuming process and occurring against an electrochemical gradient
- transcription
- transfer of genetic code information from one kind of nucleic acid to another
- horizontal transmission
- transmission of infectious agents from an infected individual to a susceptible contemporary
- specificity
- the proportion of individuals that do not have a disease condition and in whom a test designed to detect that disease condition yield negative results
- anaerobic
- living without oxygen
- prion
- proteinaceous infectious particle that lacks nucleic acids
- antigen
- any substance that, as a result of coming in contact with appropriate cells, induces a state of sensitivity and/or immune responsiveness after a latent period (days to weeks) and which reacts in a demonstrable way with antibodies and/or immune cell of the sensitized subject in vivo or in vitro
- metastasis
- the shifting of a disease or its local manifestations from one part of the body to another. 2. the spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another
- hematuria
- presence of blood in the urine
- plama
- the fluid portion of uncoagulated blood
- fever
- elevation of body temperature above normal
- disease
- a deviation from normal body functions
- mastitis
- inflammation of the mammary gland
- meiosis
- a special process of cell division compromising two nuclear divisions in rapid succession that result in four gametocytes, each containing half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells
- mutagen
- any agent that promotes a mutation or causes an increase in teh rate of mutational events
- protozoa
- a subkingdom of the animal kingdom including all of the so-called acellular or unicellular forms
- aseptic
- a condition in which living pathogenic organisms are absent
- telomere
- the distal end of a chromosome arm
- viremia
- the existence of viruses or viral particles in the bloodstream
- serum
- the fluid portion of coagulated blood
- cystitis
- inflammation of the urinary bladder
- antibody
- an immunoglobulins molecule with a specific amino acid sequence evoked in man or animals by an antigen
- sarcoma
- a tumor of mesothelial origin
- malignant
- resistant to treatment; occurring in severe form and frequently fatal; tending to become worse. 2. in reference to a neoplasm, having the property of locally invasive and destructive growth and metastasis
- inflammation
- the fundamental complex of cellular and chemical reactions that occur in affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury or abnormal stimulation caused by a physical, chemical or biologic agent
- calculus
- a concentration formed in any part of the body, usually composed of salts of inorganic or organic acids or of other material such as cholesterol, amino acids, etc.
- tenesmus
- involuntary straining with the passage of little fecal matter or urine
- antibiotic
- a soluble substance derived from a mold or bacterium that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms
- embolus
- a plug, composed of a detached thrombus or vegetation, mass of bacteria, or other foreign body, occluding a vessel
- saprophyte
- an organism that grows on dead organic matter, plant or animal
- puritus
- intense sensation of itching in skin
- jaundice
- a yellowish staining of the integument, sclerae, deeper tissues and secretions with bile pigments, resulting from increased levels in the plasma
- acetebulum
- a cup-shaped depression on the external surface of the hip bone, with which the head of the femur articulates
- encephalitis
- inflammation of the brain
- incubation period
- the period of time between invasion of the body by an infectious organism and the appearance of clinical signs of disease
- necrosis
- death of cells as a result of injury
- apoptosis
- programmed cell death
- pathogen
- any virus, microorganism, or other substance causing disease
- teratogenic
- relating to teratogenesis. causing abnormal embryonic development
- catabolism
- the breaking down in the body of complex chemical compounds into simpler ones, accompanied by the liberation of energy
- mitosis
- the usual process of somatic reproduction of cells consisting of a sequence of modifications of the nucleus that result in the formation of two daughter cells with exactly the same chromosome and DNA content as that of the original cell
- pathology
- the medical science and specialty practice concerned with all aspects of disease but with special reference to the essential nature, causes and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes that result from the disease process
- carcinoma
- a tumor of epithelial cell origin
- comminuted
- broken into several pieces; denoting especially a fractured bone
- epidemiology
- the study of the frequency, distributions and determinants of health and disease in populations
- negative predictive value
- the probability that an animal that tests negative for a disease is negative for that disease
- sensitivity
- the proportion of individuals with a given disease or condition in which a test intended to identify that disease or condition yields positive results
- anorexia
- lack of appetite
- congenital
- existing at birth, referring to certain mental or physical traits, anomalies, malformations, diseases, etc. which may be either hereditary or due to an influence occurring during gestation up to the moment of birth
- catalase
- a hemoprotein catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
- opsonization
- the process by which bacteria are altered in such a manner that they are more readily and more efficiently engulfed by phagocytes
- latent period
- the time interval between the exposure to an infectious agent and the development of a pathologic process
- rickettsia
- a genus of bacteria containing small (nonfilterable) often pleomorphic, coccoid to rod-shaped, gram-negative organisms that usually occur intracytoplasmically in lice, fleas, ticks and mites; pathogenic species are parasitic in man and other animals; causing typhus, rocky mountain spotted fever and other diseases
- positive predictive value
- the probability that an animal that tests positive for a disease is positive for the disease
- epiphysis
- a part of a long bone developed from a center of ossification distinct from that of the shaft and separated at first from the latter by a layer of cartilage
- transduction
- transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by viral infection. 2. conversion of energy from one form to another.
- virulence
- the disease-evoking power of a pathogen
- spirochete
- a genus of motile bacteria containing gram-negative, flexible, undulating, spiral shaped rods which may or may not possess flagelliform, tapering ends
- etiology
- the science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation