Albert Bandura & Walter Mischel
Terms
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- name given to Bandura and Mischel\'s theory because of its emphasis on the social and cognitive origins of human behavior
- Social-cognitive theory
- Mischel\'s quantification of the amount of consistency found in human behavior (usually ~ .30) suggested human behavior was not nearly as consistent as it had been widely assumed to be
- personality coefficient
- According to Mischel, the persistent belief that human behavior is more consistent than what is indicated by experimental evidence
- consistency paradox
- Mischel criticized traditional personality theories because they emphasize Person Variables and deemphasize Situation Variables
- Person variable- variables contained within the person that determine how he/she responds to a situation Situation variable- variables in the envi that provide the setting in which person variables manifest themselves
- idea that person variables, situation variables and behavior continuously interact w/ one another. This is the position taken by a social-cognitive theorist
- reciprocal determinism
- those variables thought by Mischel to determine how a person selects , perceives, interprets and uses the stimuli confronting him/her
- cognitive social person variables (5 total)
- cognitive social person variable that determines which aspects of the envi are selected for attention and how those aspects are interpreted by the individual
- encoding strategies (how we see things)
- cognitive social person variable that determines how individuals anticipate events in their lives
- expectancies (what we think will happen) *behavior-outcome *stimulus-outcome *self-efficacy expectancy *perceived self-efficacy
- cognitive social person variable that determines under what circumstances a person will translate what has been learned into behavior
- Subjective values (what is worth having/doing and what is not?)
- cognitive social person variable that determines the circumstances under which a person experiences self-reinforcement & self-punishment. Determines the setting of future goals and the formulation of plans
- self-regulatory systems and plans (how do we attain our goals?) *intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcement
- cognitive social person variable that describes what a person knows and what he/she is capable of doing
- competencies (what are we capable of doing?)
- anything that conveys info to an observer
- model Bandura and the Bobo doll experiment
- reinforcement that comes from observing the positive consequences of another person\'s behavior
- vicarious reinforcement
- punishment that comes from observing the negative consequences of another person\'s behavior
- vicarious punishment
- ability to attend to whatever you learn depends on aspects of the envi as well as aspects of yourself
- attentional processes (ability to use one\'s senses)
- if you can\'t remember what you\'ve learned, it will never translate into behavior
- retentional processes
- need to possess certain physical capabilities to produce different behaviors
- motor reproduction processes
- need to have the motivation to learn for it to be turned into a behvior
- motivational processes
- what a person is actually capable of doing
- self-efficacy
- what a person believes he/she is capable of doing
- perceived self-efficacy
- behavior that is in accordance w/ internalized moral principle
- moral conduct (Bandura)
- cognitive mechanisms a person can employ to escape the self-contempt that ordinarily results when a person acts contrary to an internalized moral principle
- self-exonerating mechanisms (Bandura) (8 total)
- committing a crime to provide food for your family
- 1-Moral Justification
- calling a reprehensible act something other than what it is (stole something-->say you borrowed it)
- 2-Euphemistic labeling
- comparing your deplorable acts w/ even more heinous acts (he robbed a bank, I only stole $20)
- 3-Advantageous comparison
- argue that you were just following orders from a higher figure (Nazis)
- 4-Displacement of Responsibility
- decisions made by a group are easier to live w/ than those made alone
- 5-Diffusion of Responsibility
- people ignore/distort the harm that their actions have caused (getting bullied--> \"it happens to everyone\")
- 6-Disregard/Distortion of Consequences
- we reduce a group of human beings to less than human (the holocaust)
- 7-Dehumanization
- blaming the victim for the individual\'s behavior (parent abuses child -->parent blames the child for provoking them)
- 8-Attribution of Blame
- the ability to delay a reward until later. It is necessary for civilization itself.
- Mischel\'s delay of gratification *we must understand the self-control necessary to delay gratification b/c humans are just as impulsive as non-human animals
- ability to tolerate a delay in gratification
- self-control
- social-cognitive theory says that psychological problems result from dysfunctional expectancies
- dysfunctional expectancies: (Bandura) expectancies that do not result in effective interactions w/ the environment (result from inaccurate modeling, over generalization, & distorted perceived self-efficacy)