First Psych test
Terms
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- Teratogens
- environmental poisons ingested by the mother which places the developing child at risk (e.g., nicotine, alcohol, cocaine)
- Habituation
- a decrease in responding with repeated stimulation, enables researches to assess what infants see and remember.
- Maturation
- the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, sets the basic course of development
- Cognition
- all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
- Schemas
- maps" or "plans" that our mind develops to help us make sense of the world
- Assimilate
- bringing new information into our schemas Accommodate- changing our schemas in order to fit new information
- Sensorimotor stage
- the basic level of thinking for infants (e.g., being aware of surroundings through the senses )
- Object permanence
- - by 8 mos. old, the awareness that things exist even when out of sight (e.g., mother leaves room but child is still aware of her existence)
- Preoperational stage
- (2-7 years old) Child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
- Egocentric
- the inability to take another person's point of view Occurs in the preoperational stage of cognitive development
- Concrete operational stage
- (7-11 years old) Child gains the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
- Conservation
- Properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects Occurs in the concrete operational stage
- Formal operational thinking
- thinking logically about abstract concepts, occurs by age 12
- Theory of Mind
- - People's ideas about their own and other's mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict Rather than thinking about people as living wind-up dolls, children begin to realize that people have minds
- Stranger Anxiety
- Occurs by 8 months when infants prefer familiar voices and faces and demonstrate anxiety in the company of others
- Critical period-
- occurs in non-human animals. The time period during which an animal must form IMPRINTING of the mother in order for survival (e.g., Babe and the sheepdogs)
- Basic trust
- according to Erik Erikson, humans who display secure attachment generally become competent preschoolers.
- Baumrind’s Theory of Permissive parneting style
- makes few demands for household responsibilities. She is a resource for the child when he wishes, not an active agent. Child regulates own behavior (e.g., the “absent†parents) makes few demands for household responsibilities. She is a resource for the child when he wishes, not an active agent. Child regulates own behavior (e.g., the “absent†parents) Child qualities: poor emotion regulation, rebellious and defiant when desires are challenged, antisocial behaviors
- aumrind’s Theory of Parenting Styles:Authoritarian
- absolute standards, theologically motivated by a higher authority. No verbal give and take. ‘My way or the highway’ (e.g., military parents, fundamental religious parents) Child qualities: anxious, withdrawn, unhappy disposition, poor reactions to frustrations, not likely to engage in antisocial activities
- Baumrind’s Theory of Parenting Styles: Authoritative
- Direct child’s issues but in a rational issue-oriented way. Encourages verbal give and take, gives reasoning behind policies. Values autonomous self-will and affirms child’s qualities. Child qualities: lively and happy disposition, self-confident, well-developed emotional regulation, developed social skills
- Cross-sectional studies
- studying individuals of different ages at the same time
- Longitudinal studies
- studying the same individuals across a long period of time
- Fluid intelligence
- reasoning speedily and abstractly (e.g., solving a puzzle, riddle, general problem solving) tends to decline with age
- Crystallized intelligence
- accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (e.g., fund of knowledge, facts, vocabulary) tends to increase with age