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Things I Didn't Know, But Now I Do

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Na sensor in the DCT
macula densa
antibody light chain genes
VJ
marked increase in diastolic BP
malignant hypertension
erb-B2
breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas
secreted by Th1 cells, stimulates macrophages
gamma interferon
coal worker's lung
upper lobes
high pitched holosystolic blowing murmur at the apex
mitral regurgitation
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
prolonged PTT
endothelial cells of the peritubular capillaries
EPO
binds with ferric iron to inhibit cytochrome oxidase
cyanide
unstable angina
coronary thrombosis
aortic arch syndrome, pulseless disease
takayasu arteritis
drug that decreases afterload
hydralazine
detect muscle tension
golgi tendon organs
C-ANCA, P-ANCA
vasculitis
contains the cell bodies of the auditory nerve
spiral ganglion
atheromas
intima
PCA aneurysm
CN III palsy
infantile PKD
autosomal RECESSIVE
bcl-2
lymphomas
ceramide trihexoside
fabry disease
delta wave on EKG
wolff-parkinson-white
inability to stop a movement
rebound phenomenon
increase in criminal behavior
XYY
monday disease - hypotension, dizziness, headache
nitroglycerin
determines the heart rate
slope of phase 4 in the SA node
language
left hemisphere
a single outlet from the two ventricles
truncus arteriosus
thirst and water balance
supraoptic nucleus
small, innervated by y-motorneurons, form muscle spindles
intrafusal fibers
anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
TOF
sodium and water retention with hypokalemic alkalosis
conn's syndrome
blurry yellow vision
digitalis
reid index > 50%
COPD
amino acid reabsorption in the proximal tubule
secondary active transport
connect lateral to 3rd ventricle
foramen of munro
meconium ileus
CFTR mutation
change in the aortas of most children
fatty streak
Oppose, Abduct, Flex
thenar and hypothenar eminence actions
least sedating of the TCAs
desipramine
AV septal and AV valvular problems
down syndrome
short arm of chromosome 6
MHC
split basement membrane
alport's syndrome
increase sensitivity of the muscle
y-motoneuron
cardiac AP phase 1
Na channels inactivated, K channels open
autoimmune fibrinous pericarditis several weeks post MI
dressler's syndrome
2 to 4 days after MI
risk of arrhythmia
cardiac AP phase 2
plateau, Ca influx matches K efflux
ADA deficiency found in autosomal recessive forms of
SCID
hemianopia with macular sparing
cutting of the geniculocalcarine tract
positively birefringent rhomboid crystals
pseudogout
waxy casts
chronic renal failure
most specific for MI after 4 hrs
cardiac troponin I
O2, adenosine, NO
autoregulators of the heart
chronic granulomatous disease of childhood
x-linked deficiency of NADPH oxidase
cancer in tuberous sclerosis
astrocytoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma
cluster A personality disorders
odd or eccentric
"laddering" of DNA
apoptosis
which drug is associated with B6 deficiency
isoniazid
modified smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole
JG cells
ascending muscle weakness with autonomic dysfunction
guillan-barre
b-naphthylamine and aniline dyes
transitional cell carcinoma
ending of the optic nerve
lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
toxic shock syndrome
staph aureus
RPF/(1-hct)
RBF
inulin
measures extracellular volume and GFR
C5a
chemotactic factor for PMNs
HGPRT deficiency
lesh nyhan syndrome
most frequent cause of death in polyarteritis nodosa
renal lesions and hypertension
lower motor neuron lesion
anterior horn lesion
salt retention
hydralazine, minoxidil
wide S2 splitting
pulmonic stenosis
MUD PILES
anion gap acidosis
treatment of MS
interferon-B
analog of IL-1b converting enzyme
caspase
pathologic Q waves
transmural infarct
gland depth/total thickness of bronchial wall
reid index
lactate, adenosine, K
autoregulators of skeletal muscle
fixed S2 splitting
ASD
emmetropia
normal light focusing on retina
binds calcium and allows the interaction of myosin and actin
troponin C
standing room only
exits of CN V
improves only tremor and rigidity in parkinsons
antimuscarinics (benztropine)
PECAM-1
mediates transmigration of PMNs, found on both endothelium and leukocyte
normal tissue displaced into another organ, non-neoplastic
choristoma
low CD4 count with paradoxical hypergammaglobulinemia
AIDS
response to cold
posterior hypothalamus
uremia, dressler's syndrome, RF
fibrinous pericarditis
participates in gas exchange and also has cilia
respiratory bronchioles
cluster C personality disorders
worried
passes thru corachobrachialis
musculocutaneous nerve
ipsilateral upper and lower face paralysis
LMN lesion
deep skin and joint capsules
pacinian corpuscles
E and P selectins
found on endothelial cells
hemorrhagic lesions of cortical and bilateral paramedian gray matter, and mamillary bodies
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
convex lens
hypertropia
most common cause of secondary hypertension
renal disease
blocks nicotinic receptors at ganglion, but not NMJ
hexamethonium
panacinar emphysema
a1-antitrypsin deficiency
alpha galactosidase A deficiency
fabry disease
WIPE
wiskott-aldrich: Wiscott Infections Purpura Eczema
expansion of trinculeotide repeats leading to increasingly worse problems
anticipation
VSD, overriding aorta, RVH, pulmonary valve stenosis
tetralogy of fallot
do not take with MAOI
tyramine, meperidine
prussian blue stain
hemosiderin
best indicator of prognosis in cancer
stage
false VDRL
SLE
glucocerebrosidase deficiency
gaucher disease
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
vasoconstrictor, bronchoconstrictor, mediators of anaphylaxis
selegiline
MAO-B inhibitor
paradoxical splitting
aortic stenosis
light crude touch of fingertips and hard palate
merkel's corpuscles
especially dilated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
septum
inhibit release of substance P
opioids
P-ANCA
polyarteritis nodosa
abnormally phosphorylated tau protein
tangles
osteosarcoma gene mutated
Rb
most common met to liver
colon cancer
not linked to smoking, develops in site of previous injury, clara cells
bronchial or bronchoalveolar adenocarinoma
irreversible cell injury marker
swelling of inner mitochondrial space
sex and emotion
septal nucleus
respond to O2, CO2, pH
carotid body chemoreceptor
oxytocin release
signal from paraventricular nuclei
trasducin -> PDE ->low cGMP->closure of Na channels->hyperpolarization
light receptors
dissecting aneurysm
hypertension, cystic medial necrosis (but not atherosclerosis)
effect of lactic acidosis
anion gap acidosis
RBC casts
inflammation, ischemia, malignant hypertension
hemiballismus
contralateral subthalamic nucleus
treatment for raynaud's
nifedipine
taste, salivation, lacrimation
CN VII
HLA-DR3
DM type I
treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
beta blocker
rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability, hyperpyrexia
neuroleptic malignant syndrome, treat with dantrolene or DA
most common met to brain
lung
golgi tendon reflex
Ib fibers
spike and dome
membranous glomerulonephritis
staph aureus on previously normal valves
acute bacterial endocarditis
found in the vestibule of the ear
utricle and saccule
highest blood flow overall
liver
marantic/thrombotic endocarditis
renal failure
type III hypersensitivity
immune complex disease
22q11
TOF, truncus arteriosus
respond only to CO2 and pH
central chemoreceptors
early cyanosis
right to left shunt
physiologic dead space
ventilation without perfusion
responds only to increases in BP
aortic baroreceptor
measuring effective renal plasma flow
PAH, which is freely filtered and actively secreted in the proximal tubule
fried egg cells (round nuclei with clear cytoplasm)
oligodendroglioma (slow growing tumor)
lead, cadmium, other toxins
toxic hypertension
charcot leyden crystals
bronchial asthma
cause of most deaths in the early stages of RF
myocarditis
free radical production after thrombolytic therapy
reperfusion injury
friction rub 3-5 days post MI
fibrinous pericarditis
sudden violence, vertical and horizontal nystagmus
PCP
ret
medullary thyroid cancer
cancer with plummer vinson
squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
synaptic changes
short term memory
sphingomyelinase deficiency
niemann-pick
pericarditis with a protein-rich exudate
SLE, RA, viral infection
GFR x plasma conc
filtered load
often associated with desmoplasia
adenocarcinoma
ras
colon cancer
arachnodactyly
marfan syndrome
rosettes or pseudorosettes, highly malignant, can cause hydrocephalus by compressing 4th ventricle
medulloblastoma
agranulocytosis
clozapine
cherry red spot on macula
tay-sachs
multiple lesions of the same age in the arterioles and capillaries
leukocytoclastic vasculitis
most common cause of community-aquired bacterial pneumonia
strep pneumo
decreased cAMP, decreased Ca currents, decreased slope of phase 4
beta blockers
hyperkalemia
captopril, losartan
make IL-4, IL-5, help B cells make antibody
Th2 (CD4)
infant withdrawn after continued separation from caregiver
anaclitic depression
breakdown product of norepi by MAO or COMT
VMA
p53
decreases bcl-2, facilitates bax
hepatitis B, sulfonamides, penicillin
causes of polyarteritis nodosa
neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
bombesin
conformational change caused by depolarization of the T tubules
dihydropyridine receptors
group II fibers
dorsal column
light causes decreased inward current and hyperpolarization
photoreceptor
hypercalcemia
HCTZ
vegetations on both sides of the valve (libman-sacks)
SLE
a2 agonist drug
clonidine
needed for the myeloperoxidase system of killing to work
H2O2
upper extremity weakness
lesion in the anterior horn
factor V leiden
most common familial form of thrombophilia
men and postmenopausal women
atherosclerosis
growth retardation in children (too much vitamin)
hypervitaminosis D
anitmicrosomal antibodies
hashimoto's thyroiditis
phospholipase A2
stimulates release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids
CA-19-9
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation
tuberous sclerosis
pseudopalisading tumor cells border central areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
glioblastoma multiforme
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV
group II, III, and IV afferents
flexor withdrawal reflex (stimulated by pain)
first line treatment of status epilepticus
diazepam or lorazepam
von hippel lindau (renal cell carcinoma)
chromosome 3
lesions of the striatum
huntington's disease
Gs
b1 receptors, b2 receptors
unable to locate one's own body parts
autotopagnosia
anti-Scl-70
scleroderma
scooping of ST, T-wave inversion
digitalis
attaches the troponin complex to tropomyosin
troponin T
secreted by Th2 cells, promotes B cell differentiation, class switching of IgA, activation of eosinophils
IL-5
main antibody in secondary response
IgG
PCWP measures
left atrial pressure
type I hypersensitivity
eosinophils and basophils, anaphylactic
treatment with ATRA
APML
increased susceptibility to TB
silicosis
site of action of ACE
lung capillaries
CN III, IV
midbrain
wilms tumor
chromosome 11
contain actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
thin filaments
bilateral schwannoma
NF-2
serotonin 1D agonist, causes vasoconstriction
sumatriptan
secreted by Th cells, stimulates Th and Tc cells to grow
IL-2
secrete epinephrine from adrenal medulla
chromaffin cells
contralateral lower face paralysis
UMN lesion
adversely affects pulmonary, hepatic, thyroid function
amiodarone
used to treat Wolff-Parkinson-White
amiodarone
side of the heart for endocarditis of carcinoid syndrome
right side (serotonin etc are detox'd in the lung)
variety of complaints in multiple organ systems
somatization disorder
olfactory hallucination
aura of psychomotor epilepsy
beta blocker to give patients with emphysema
metoprolol
major chemotactic factor for PMNs
IL-8
TGF-beta
growth inhibitor
anithistone antibodies
drug induced lupus
CFTR gene
chromosome 7
complications of down's syndrome
congenital heart problems, risk of infection, risk of leukemia, early onset alzheimers
swallowing and palatal elevation (Motor) (9,10,11)
nucleus aMbiguous
pancoast tumor
horner's syndrome
SLE, RA, infection, uremia
serous pericarditis
associated with EBV
burkitt's, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
PAIR
HLA-B27: psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, reiter's syndrome
limb deformity, facial deformity, pulmonary hypoplasia
potter's syndrome
treatment for the DTs
benzodiazepines
accumulation of GM2 ganglioside
tay-sachs
TCA for an old person
nortriptyline
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
MS
phenyl-ethanolamine-n-methyltransferase
converts norepi to epi
stria vascularis
makes endolymph
lesion causes breathing to stop
C3
failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
TGV
malformation of the ureteric BUD
potter's syndrome
heart problem in fragile X
mitral prolapse
pupillary light reflex nucleus
edinger-westphal nucleus
calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tubules
ethylene glycol poisoning
protein problem in pick disease
tau protein
facial sensation relay in thalamus
VPM
poor repetition, good comprehension
arcuate fasciculus lesion
epiglottitis
h.flu
upper ASD
sinus venosus
radiolabeled albumin
measures plasma volume
dopamine receptor sensitization
tardive dyskinesia
ANA reacts with Sm antigen
SLE
fasciculus gracilis
proprio etc. from lower body/extremities
V-Cosm
free water clearance
amantidine
increase dopamine release
U waves, flat T waves
hypokalemia
biventricular heart failure w/ no underlying disease
myocarditis
xeroderma and dry eyes with connective tissue disease
sjogren syndrome
aortic rupture
cardiac tamponade
digeorge syndrome
microdeletion 22q11
examples of genomic imprinting
prader-willi and angelman syndrome (del(15)(q11q13))
found in secretions
IgA
loud S4, apical impulses, systolic murmur
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
p16
melanoma
mutation on chromosome 6
hemochromatosis
group III and IV fibers
anterolateral system
14;18
follicular lymphoma
compressed with herniation under falx cerebri
anterior cerebral artery
urease positive bugs (proteus, staph, klebsiella)
staghorn calculi
C3a and C5a
anaphylotoxins
cause of mosaicism
anaphase lag
positive ANA test
SLE
give to treat bedwetting
imipramine
used to diagnose and abolish AV nodal arrhythmias
adenosine
cri du chat syndrome
5p-
awake and eyes closed
alpha waves
17-hydroxylase deficiency, 11-hydroxylase deficiency
increased mineralocorticoids
BRCA-1
breast and ovarian cancer
thymoma and small cell cancer
antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels at NMJ - lambert-eaton syndrome
light touch of glabrous skin
meissner's corpuscles
cluster B personality disorders
wild
stimulate inhibitory interneurons to relax muscle that was contracted
Ib fibers
CNS injury due to capillary damage, GI denudation, bone marrow failure
severe radiation
boys with bacterial infections after 6 months of age
bruton's agammaglobulinemia
hyperolarity, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior
kluver-bucy (bilateral amygdala)
alpha-hemolytic, lysed by bile and sensitive to optochin
strep pneumo
cystic medial necrosis
aortic root aneurysm
make IL-2 and interferon gamma
Th1 (CD4)
linear pattern on IF
goodpasture's
activated histiocytes in the heart
anitschkow's cells - RHD
antibody mediated rejection that occurs within minutes
hyperacute rejection
in adrenal medulla, preganglionic fibers synapse on them
chromaffin cells
antibody mediated vascular damage years after transplantation
chronic rejection
why no MAOI with SSRI or beta agonists?
serotonin syndrome
cancer in autoimmune diseases
thymomas
contain one pair of heavy chains and two pairs of light chains
thick filaments
raynaud syndrome assoc with
SLE, scleroderma
secreted by Th cells and macophages, stimulates production of acute phase reactants
IL-6
XIST
coats and inactivates all but one X chromosome in females
chromosome 4
huntington's disease
infective endocarditis on the right side of the heart
IVDU
decreased DTRs
low magnesium
life-threatening cardiovascular collapse
barbiturate withdrawal
hyper GLUC
thiazides: glucose, lipids, uric acid, calcium all retained
clara cells
type II pneumocytes
effect of ethylene glycol
anion gap acidosis
rectus abdominus, internal and external obliques, transversus abdominis, internal intercostals
active expiration
CN V-VIII
pons
STE in all leads
hemorrhagic pericarditis
hepatocellular carcinoma
AFP
increased ICP
hypertension and bradycardia
suprachiasmatic nucleus
circadian rhythm
offspring of a diabetic mother
TGV
most lethal cancer
lung
curshmann's spirals
asthma
most common met to bone
breast and prostate
degraded by catalase
H2O2
turner syndrome
coarctation of the aorta
crescent moon
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
WBC casts
pyelo, tubulointerstitial disease, glomerular disorders
parotitis, electrolyte disturbances, alkalosis
bulimia
CAG expansion
huntington's disease
n-myc
neuroblastoma (childhood tumor)
mesangial IgA deposits
berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
most common cause of primary amenorrhea
turner syndrome
randy travis drinks cold beer
roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches
causes cell to arrest in G1
p53
sympathetic fibers from the hypothalamus run in the
intermediolateral pathway
choline acetyltransferase
catalyzes formation of Ach from acetyl CoA and choline
round white spots on the retina surrounded by hemmorhage
roth's spots - bacterial endocarditis
U wave
hypokalemia
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
pulmonary surfactant
lung tumor at the apex affecting cervical sympathetic plexus
pancoast's tumor
corachobrachialis, biceps, brachialis
musculocutaneous nerve
hexose monophosphate shunt
supplies electrons to NADPH oxidase
cancer with UC
colonic adenocarcinoma
microglia and macrophages common ancestry
mesoderm
Na-(HCO3+Cl)
anion gap
neutrophils, coagulation cascade, oxygen free radical damage
ARDS
p-App gene
alzheimer's
paracortical, deep medullary, periarteriolar
T cells
binds receptors on principle cells of the collecting tubule
ADH
secreted by Th2 cells, promotes B cell growth, isotype switching
IL-4
lyse tumor or viral cells by antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
NK cells
factor V leiden
prevents cleavage and inactivation of mutant Va by APC
ICAM-1 binding to LFA-1
tight binding
T wave
ventricular repolarization
high urine osmolarity
prerenal azotemia
orange urine
lesh nyhan
blocks a2 receptor to treat depression with insomnia
mirtazapine
most common circle of willis aneurysm
anterior communicating artery
treatment for pseudogout
NSAIDs
cape-like loss of pain and temperature sensation
syringomyelia
vasospasm, white-blue-red
raynaud disease
t-cell mediated rejection that occurs days to months later
acute rejection
come out the internal acoustic meatus
CN VII and VIII
EPO
renal cell carcinoma
negative charge barrier for glomerular filtration
heparan sulfate
safe anxiolytic
buspirone
most important determinant of malignancy
metastasis
ach, norepi, epi, serotonin, glutamate, dopa
excitatory neurotransmitters
alcohol, beriberi, chagas, coxsackie B, cocaine, doxorubicin
dilated cardiomyopathy
artery supplying medial brain
ACA
failure of gamma interferon production by Th cells
job's syndrome
confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
wernicke's encephalopathy
peaked T waves
hyperkalemia
common bacteria infecting burn victims
pseudomonas
cancer in pernicious anemia
gastric adenocarcinoma
must be present with TGV for survival
PDA
controls neck muscles
tectospinal tract
adapt first in the dark
cones
8-12-5-5-1
spinal nerves
subendothelial humps
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
treats trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
floppy baby with tongue fasciculations and death by age 7
werndig-hoffmann disease
centrally located lung cancers
squamous cell, small cell
the only "glossus" not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
palatoglossus (vagus - aMbiguous)
centriacinar emphysema
smoking
necrotizing glomerulonephritis, respiratory tract signs, paranasal sinus signs
wegener's granulomatosis
fetal renal damage
captopril, losartan
ballooned cells and argyrophilic bodies
pick disease
cor pulmonale
emphysema
autoimmune disease of the small and medium arteries
polyarteritis nodosa
cardio defects, microcephaly, deafness, cataracts, growth retardation
congenital rubella syndrome
which valve closes first to cause S2 splitting
aortic
perivascular pseduorosettes found in 4th ventricle
ependymoma
BM thickening, kimmelstiel-wilson wire loop lesions
diabetic nephropathy
afferent fibers that respond to muscle stretch
Ia fibers
initiated by antigen-antibody complexes
classic complement pathway
pro-obesity peptide secreted by the hypothalamus
neuropeptide Y
most common cancer in a woman
breast
effect of uremia
anion gap acidosis
false belief of pregnancy assoc with physical signs
pseudocyesis
AIDS, lyme, sarcoidosis, tumor, diabetes (alexander graham bell with an STD)
causes of bell's palsy (LMN lesion)
prostaglandin function
vasodilation
bcl-2
inhibits apoptosis
relieved by sitting forward
pericarditis
nitrosamines
esophagus, stomach
petechial hemmorhages and smell of almonds
cyanide
bronchopulmonary dysplasia, PDA, intraventricular brain hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis
associated complications of neonatal RDS
stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors
red nucleus/rubrospinal tract
patent foramen ovale, ASD
lead to paradoxical emboli (formed on right, go thru to the left side of circ)
breaks in the BBB
area postrema and neurohypophysis
loss of plantarflexion
tibial nerve
mental rehearsal of a movement
supplementary motor cortex (area 6)
mitral more than aortic more than tricuspid
rheumatic heart disease
vasomotor, respiratory, swallow, cough, vomit
medulla
dilated vessels in the heart lead to hyperemia
2 to 4 days post MI
increased permeability of the alveolar capillary wall
ARDS
Gq
a1 receptors
cause release of Ca2+ from SR into intracellular fluid
ryanodine receptors
first frequency lost in elderly hearing loss
high frequency
tree bark
syphilitic aortitis
detects the smell of ammonia and other noxious stimuli
CN V
midsystolic click, late systolic murmur
mitral prolapse
giant cell pneumonia
measles virus pneumonia
scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus
MS
acts at the AV node
class IV
activates bradykinin
kallikrein
congenital heart disease of down's syndrome
endocardial cushion problems
glossopharyngeal nerve to the medulla
carotid sinus
most common renal neoplasm of children
wilms tumor
delayed diastolic murmur gets louder with inspiration
tricuspid stenosis
ideal LDL:HDL ratio
4:1
A4 amyloid of alzheimer's disease
chromosome 21
psoas abscess
TB
secreted by activated T cells, stimulates bone marrow
IL-3
rathke's pouch
pituitary adenoma
gag, env, pol, p24, gp120
HIV
highest blood flow per gram of tissue
kidney
ringlike calcifications in the media of medium sized arteries
monckeberg arteriosclerosis
hydrolyze esculin in 40% bile and 6.5% NaCl
e. faecalis
centrilobular necrosis and fatty change of the liver
CCl4
abnormal development of the 3rd and 4th branchial arches
thymic hypoplasia (digeorge)
cancer in atrophic gastritis
gastric adenocarcinoma
ST depression
subendocardial infarct
nuclear chromatin clumping, ribosomal detachment
reversible cell injury
thalamal relay of dorsal column and spinothalamic tract info
VPL
primary neurotransmitter from postganglionic sympathetic neurons
norepi
beat to beat alterations in QRS height
electrical alternans
unilateral deafness
lesion in the cochlea or outward
satiety center
ventromedial hypothalamus
C-ANCA
wegener's granulomatosis
give for HTN in pregnancy
hydralazine and methyldopa
elevated AFP in pregnancy
neural tube defects
activates NK cells
IL-12
at increased risk for the bends
obese person
neurons most susceptible to hypoxia
purkinje cells of cerebellum and neurons of hippocampus
skin lesions and renal failure
fabry disease
VCAMs
bind integrin on leukocytes, found on endothelial cells
PTSD lasting only 2-4 weeks
acute stress disorder
typical child abuser
female primary caregiver
diabetes, acute pyelo, acetaminophen, sickle cell anemia
renal papillary necrosis
lectin on microbial surfaces activates what pathway
classic pathway
response to heat
anterior hypothalamus
effect of salicylates
anion gap acidosis
ear fluid with a high Na
perilymph
splinter hemorrhages on nail bed
bacterial endocarditis
treatment for depression with insomnia
trazodone or mirtazapine
foamy histiocytes
niemann-pick
familial loss of p53
li-fraumeni syndrome
all cells have MHC I except
RBCs
causes bronchodilation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase
theophylline
whorled pattern with psammoma bodies
meningioma
CADET face right
CO2, Acid/Altitude, DPG, Exercise, Temperature
patau syndrome
trisomy 13
expressed on the surface of mature B lymphocytes
IgM and IgD
increased H+ leads to unloading of O2
bohr effect
girl with hand-wringing
rett disorder
crescendo decrescendo, radiates to carotids, ejection click
aortic stenosis
vagus nerve to the medulla
aortic arch baroreceptor
opening snap, rumbling late diastolic murmur
mitral stenosis
cell bodies in the dorsal root
primary afferent neurons
pleomorphic giant cells with leukocyte fragments in their cytoplasm (lung)
large cells carcinoma
slow pain fibers
C fibers
LR6SO4R3
lateral rectus 6, superior oblique 4, all the rest 3
ear fluid in the scala media
endolymph
facial expression, intonation, body language, spatial tasks
right hemisphere
inactivate NF-kB and therefore TNF-a
steroids
supine
increased venous return
upper motor neuron lesion
lateral corticospinal tract lesion
holosystolic murmur
VSD
prematurity, maternal diabetes, C-section
neonatal RDS
excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain
glutamate
SPHERE of complications from lung cancer
SVC syndrome, Pancoast's Tumor, Horner's, Endocrine, Recurrent laryngeal, Effusions
micturition center
midbrain
inhibitory cells in the ventral horn
renshaw cells
T1 and T2 response after bone marrow transplantation
graft versus host disease
synthesized from tryptophan
niacin
disseminated mycobacterial infections
IL-12 deficiency (fail to activate NK cells)
biconvex disc on CT
epidural hematoma
CATCH22 (digeorge)
cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia, microdeletion 22
CREST (scleroderma)
cacinosis, raynaud, esophageal dysfxn, sclerodactyly, telangectasia
give for both torsades and digitalis toxicity
Mg
most common cause of adult nephrotic syndrome
membranous glomerulonephritis
LAD-1 deficiency
lack of B2 integrins
most common cancer in a man
prostate
ptosis, anhidrosis, miosis
horner's syndrome (PAM)
LTB4
chemotactic factor for neutrophils
proximal muscle pain, periarticular pain, morning stiffness
polymyalgia rheumatica
cardiac muscle action potential plateau
Ca influx
inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus
auditory pathway
QT interval
mechanical contraction of the ventricles
pupil constriction, accomodation, eyelid opening
CN III
binds GTP at cell membrane to alter cAMP within the cell
ras
bax
facilitates apoptosis
hexosaminidase A deficiency
tay-sachs
diastolic regurgitation murmurs
left sternal border
pacemaker phase 0
Ca channels open (there are no Na channels)
converts arginine to citrulline and NO
NOS
high altitude
PDA
antibody heavy chain genes
VDJ
PKD, ehlers danlos, marfans
berry aneurysm (bifurcation of the ACA)
bronchopulmonary segment
segmental bronchus, bronchial artery, pulmonary artery, with veins and lymphatics at the borders
15;17
APML
hemisection of the spinal cord
brown-sequard
action of HDL
removes cholesterol from tissues and plaques
normal pulmonary artery pressure
10-14mmhg
a2 antagonist drug
yohimbine
primary gain
psychic
frontal and temporal atrophy
pick disease
the first structure to swell in a cell during hydropic change
endoplasmic reticulum
TRAP
hairy cell leukemia
cardiotoxic local anesthetic
bupivacaine
cancer with AIDS
malignant lymphoma, kaposi sarcoma
chorea
basal ganglia lesion
mediated by E-selectin binding to sialyl lewis X
rolling
inhibits the interaction of myosin and actin
troponin I
effect of methanol
anion gap acidosis
hemangioblastoma in the head, adenomas and cysts in the belly, and renal cell carcinoma
von hippel lindau
ion channel for Na and K
nicotinic receptor
small cell carcinoma of the lung
ACTH or SIADH
clearance of inulin or creatinine
GFR
external intercostals, scalenes, sternocostals
active inspiration
HLA-DR4
DM type I, RA
pupillary constriction
miosis
aflatoxins
liver
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
curling ulcer
anti-SS-B
sjogren syndrome
schizophrenic for less than 6 months
schizophreniform disorder
wire loop lesions with subepithelial deposits
SLE
types of muscle that contain troponin
skeletal and cardiac
location of third order neurons
thalamus
most common anatomic finding in shock
acute tubular necrosis
kevin klein
schizotypal
sensitive indicator of alcohol use
y-glutamyltransferase
pulse pressure is proportional to
stroke volume
can produce EPO, associated with VHL syndrome
hemangioblastoma
also known as cachectin
TNF-alpha
interstitial pneumonia
RSV, adenoviruses, mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia
decreased CO following MI
possible aneurysm
compressed in thoracic outlet syndrome
subclavian artery
pi gene of chromosome 14
a1-antitrypsin deficiency
ipsilateral dilated pupil
stretched CN III
DPC
pancreatic cancer
brain atrophy, shaking, whiplash
subdural hematoma
polycystic liver disease, berry aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse
polycystic kindey disease
small erythematous lesions on palm or sole
janeway lesions - bacterial endocarditis
blunted calyx with eosinophilic casts
chronic pyelo
hemangiosarcoma of the liver
vinyl chloride
lesion causes loss of sympathetics to the heart
C7
personality change, hyperolarity, disinhibition
pick disease
loss of muscle tone, pupillary constriction, penile erection
REM sleep
biconcave lens
myopia
bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinirole
DA agonists
S-100
melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor
zileutin
HLA-DR2
Goodpasture's, SLE
sudden cranial nerve deficits
stroke of posterior circle
flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, salivation
carcinoid syndrome
boot shaped heart
TOF
binds to B7 on the APC
CD28 of the Th cell
ASD plus mitral stenosis (often RF origin)
lutembacher syndrome
low BUN/Cre ratio
renal azotemia
increased norepi, low GABA and low 5HT
anxiety
lines of zahn
usually only found in arterial clots
deficiency of GABA production
B6 deficiency
L-selectins
bind endothelial GlyCam-1, found on PMNs
squamous metaplasia is associated with what vitamin deficiency
vitamin A
gp120
HIV
ethylene glycol
acute tubular necrosis
first to be blocked in nerve blockade
small and myelinated (small predominates)
opsonizing immunoglobulin type
IgG
fibrin
stabilizes the platelet plug
low GABA and low Ach
huntington's
cardiac AP phase 0
Na channels open
increase the set point temperature
pyrogens via prostaglandins
LFA-1, MAC-1, VLA-4
leukocyte integrins
a left to right shunt will eventually lead to
pulmonary hypertension
lesion causing death (hanging)
C1
high altitudes
increased ventilation, mitochondria, hematocrit, DPG, bicarb excretion, pulmonary vasoconstriction, RVH
secreted by macrophages, stimulates T cells, B cells, PMNs, fibroblasts, epithelial cells
IL-1
unmyelinated C fibers
olfactory nerves
block leukotriene receptors
monteleukast
transitional cell carcinoma: P SACS
phenacetin, smoking, aniline dyes, cyclophosphamide, schistosomiasis
degeneration of D2 receptors
parkinson's disease
BRCA-2
breast cancer only
piZ
a1-antitrypsin accumulates in the liver, leading to liver damage
anti-jo-1 antibodies
polymyositis, dermatomyositis
7 wks post MI, contracted scar complete
risk for ventricular aneurysm
young jewish man who smokes and has gangrene of his fingers
buerger disease
calcium-calmodulin complex binding to myosin light chain kinase
contraction of smooth muscle
platelet thromboxane A2
vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregant
posterior fossa, child, rosenthal fibers
pilocytic astrocytoma
ferruginous bodies
asbestos fibers covered with hemosiderin
piZZ
panacinar emphysema and hepatic cirrhosis
ascending aorta
dissection
birbeck granules
langerhans cells of the skin
initiated by nonimmunogenic stimuli
alternate complement pathway
SOD1
ALS, friedreich's ataxia
activate macrophages and CD8 T cells
Th1 (CD4)
granular casts
acute tubular necrosis
tender raised lesions on finger or toe pads
osler's nodes - bacterial endocarditis
C3b
important opsonin
cavernous lymphangioma, as seen in webbed neck of turners
cystic hygroma
von willebrand factor
platelet adhesion
most frequent valvular lesion
mitral prolapse
cancer with paget's
osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
foot drop
common peroneal nerve
non-specific cold agglutinin test
mycoplasma pneumonia
Gi
a2 receptors, M2 receptors
lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio >2
fetal lung maturity
activates the G protein transducin
metarhodopsin II
awake and eyes open
beta waves
increased systemic venous pressure on inspiration
kussmaul's sign
alkylating agents
leukemia
CAPTOPRIL
cough, angioedema, proteinuria, taste, hypOtension, pregnancy problems, rash, increased renin, lowers angiotensin II
wide pulse pressure, high blowing murmur
aortic regurgitation
dyslipidemia
metoprolol
wrinkled tissue paper
gaucher cells
visceral Sensory info (7, 9, 10)
nucleus Solitarius
syringomyelia or brown-sequard above T1
horner's syndrome
MPTP
acquired parkinson's
horseshoe kidney gets trapped under what
IMA
ventricular tachycardia with shifting waveforms on the EKG
torsades
thorium dioxide, arsenic
hemangiosarcoma
3, 7, 9, 10
cranial nerves with parasympathetic fibers
glutamate decarboxylase
converts glutamate to GABA
originates in renal tubule cells -> polygonal clear cells
renal cell carcinoma
HLA B8
graves' disease, sprue
give to pregnant women with seizures
phenobarbital
extension of the limbs when startled
moro reflex
neurotransmitter of the purkinje cells in the cerebellum
GABA
epistaxis and GI bleeding
osler-weber-rendu
optochin resistant
strep viridans
order of loss in nerve block
pain, temp, touch, pressure
arsenic
squamous cell carcinoma
middle cerebral artery, mesenteric artery, renal arteries
likely to form a clot
sudden general sensory and motor deficits, aphasia
stroke of anterior circle
increased levels of D2 receptors
schizophrenia
decreased extracellular sodium
increased contractility
increased CGG repeats in the 5'UTR of X chromosome FMR-1 gene
fragile X
inhibits serotonin, NE, and dopamine reuptake
venalfaxine
antibodies against Ach receptor on the motor end plate
myesthenia gravis
jaw deviates to the left
left CN 5 lesion
ERPF underestimates true RPF by
10%
fibrillin gene defect
marfan syndrome
young child, URI, hemorrhagic urticaria of extensor surfaces
henoch schoenlein purpura
lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
neurofibromatosis
LMN lesions, virus recovered from **** and throat
polio
neoplasm of neuroendocrine kulchitsky cells
small cell carcinoma
HLA-DR5 and HLA-B5
hashimoto's thyroiditis
increased LFTs, myositis
statins and fibrates
hurler syndrome, hunter syndrome
dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate
bending of the cilia in the organ of corti
changes in K conductance
hypokalemia
HCTZ
cancer in down syndrome
ALL, AML
HPV in kids (URI)
laryngeal papilloma
hurler syndrome
mucopolysaccharidosis
needed for regeneration of 11-cis retinal
vitamin A
APOE4 (chr 19)
alzheimer's
motor or sensory symptoms, patient unconcerned
conversion disorder
focal necrotizing glomerulitis
immune complex disease or septic emboli
effect of diabetic ketoacidosis
anion gap acidosis
peripherally located lung cancers
adenocarcinoma, large cell
granuloma with giant cells in the heart
aschoff bodies - RHD
lost in nephrotic syndrome
heparan sulfate charge barrier
vitamin C
required for collagen formation
blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes
zileutin
machine murmer loudest at S2
PDA
loss of phosphate, glucose, and amino acids in the urine
fanconi syndrome
atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia all due to iron deficiency
plummer-vinson syndrome
abl
CML
to keep the cord alive...
keep the needle between 3 and 5
phenotype differs depending on whether gene was maternal or paternal
genomic imprinting
lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine
mood stabilizers
E and P selectins
bind sialyl Lewis X on luekocytes
type IV hypersensitivity
cell mediated, T1 or T2
inhibition of ALA dehydratase
lead posioning
edwards syndrome
trisomy 18
foot process effacement in a child with nephrotic syndrome
minimal change disease
type of antibody that does not fix complement
IgA
decreased REM sleep (drug, please)
benzodiazepines
late cyanosis
left to right shunt
fluid in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
perilymph
simple seizure
no loss of consciousness
cancer in acanthosis nigrans
visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
responds to increases and decreases in BP
carotid sinus
short eye movements in the same direction of head rotation
nystagmus
ST elevation
transmural infarct
block the release of arachidonic acid
steroids
convert 11-cis retinal to all trans retinal
pigmented epithelium
most common adult primary tumor of the heart
myxoma of the left atrium
asbestosis and smoking
bronchogenic carcinoma
virchow's triad
stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage
senile amyloidosis of the heart
transthyretin
asbestosis
lower lobes
DCC
colon cancer
ANA reacts with dsDNA
SLE
decreased direct, increased indirect (basal ganglia)
parkinson's disease
clearance of PAH
ERPF
negative nitroblue
chronic granulomatous disease
FEV1/FVC>80%
restrictive lung disease
premalignant cutaneous lesion
actinic keratosis
hypersensitivity reactions that use complement
2 and 3
PTH at the kidney
secrete PO4 at the PCT, reabsorb Ca at the DCT
1,25OH vit D at the kidney
reabsorb PO4 and Ca
signal given by Th cell to Tc to activate it
IL-2
vasa vasora
syphilis
LAD-2 deficiency
lack of sialyl Lewis X on PMNs
endothelial PGI2
vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor
eczema, thrombocytopenia, recurrent infections
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
pulsus parvus et tardus
aortic stenosis
cancer with barrett's esophagus
esophageal adenocarcinoma
rapid ascent to high altitude
pulmonary edema
parathyroid hormone related peptide
squamous carcinoma of the lung
fasciculus cuneatus
proprio etc. from upper body/extremities
secondary gain
reward, sympathy, attention bc of symptoms
water under the bridge
ureters under ductus deferens and uterine artery
high urine sodium
postrenal azotemia
sydenham chorea
rheumatic fever
benign childhood tumor derived from rathke's pouch
craniopharyngioma
decreased FEV1/FVC
obstructive lung disease
converts aniotensinogen to angiotensin I
renin
effect of INH/iron tablets
anion gap acidosis
tertiary gain
what the caretaker gets
ICAM-1 and ICAM-2
found on endothelial cells, bind integrin on leukocytes
effect of paraldehyde/phenformin
anion gap acidosis
cardiac AP phase 4
resting potential, high K permeability through K channels
CN IX-XII
medulla
firing rate of a sensory neuron is decreased
inhibitory
heterocyclic antidepressant with priapism
trazodone
hunger center
lateral hypothalamus
hypnopompic hallucination
occurs on waking
paraseptal emphysema
bullae, can rupture to cause pneumothorax
cardiac AP phase 3
rapid repolarization, Ca channels close and K slow channels lead to massive efflux
secreted by macrophages, increases IL-2 receptor production by Th cells, increases B cell proliferation
TNF-a
senile plaques
beta amyloid
ivory white pleural plaques
asbestosis
side effects of colchicine
GI problems
honeycomb lung
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
waiter's tip arm
erb-duchenne palsy
calcitonin producing tumor leads to deposits of
amyloid
b-pleated sheets, congo red dye
amyolid
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