CH 1 Anatomy
Terms
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- Describes structures of the body
- Anatomy
- Study of functions of anatomical structures
- Physiology
- Examines large visible structures; Macroscopic Anatomy
- Gross Anatomy
- Examines cells and their structures
- Microscopic Anatomy
- Study of cells
- Cytology
- Word meaning cell
- Cyt
- Study of tissues and their structures
- Histology
- Smallest chemical unit
- Atom
- Groups of atoms working together
- Molecules
- Smallest unit of life
- Cells
- Group of similar cells that work together
- TIssues
- Group of different tissues working together
- Organ
- Major organs of the Integumentary System
- Skin; Hair; Sweat Glands; Nails
- Functions of the Integumentary System
- Protects against environmental hazards; Regulate body temp; Provides sensory info; Vitamin D production
- Major organs of the Skeletal System
- Bones; Cartilages; Ligaments; Bone Marrow
- Functions of the Skeletal System
- Support and protect; Stores calcium/minerals; Forms blood cells
- Red blood marrow
- Hemopoietic
- Major organs of the Muscular System
- Skeletal muscles and tendons
- Functions of the Muscular System
- Movement; Protection/support; Generates heat that maintains body temp
- Major organs of the Nervous System
- Brain; Spinal Cord; Peripheral Nerves; Sense Organs
- Functions of the Nervous System
- To direct immediate responses to stimuli; Provide/interprets info about external conditions; Coordinates/moderates activities of other systems.
- Major organs of the Endocrine System
- Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Suprarenal gland, Gonad, Other endocrine tissues.
- Functions of the Endocrine System
- Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems; Adjusts metabolic activity and energy used by the body; Controls many structural and functional changes during development
- Major organs of the Cardiovascular System
- Heart; blood; blood vessels
- Functions of the Cardiovascular System
- Distributes blood cells, H2O, dissolving materials (nutrients, waste products, O2, CO2); Distributes heat; Assists in control of body temp
- Major organs of the Lymphatic System
- Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils
- Functions of the Lymphatic System
- Defends against infections/disease; Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
- Major organs of the Respiratory System
- Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli
- Functions of the Respiratory System
- Delivers air to alveoli; Provies O2 to blood; Removes O2 from blood; Produces sound for communication
- Major organs of the Digestive System
- Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Sm. Intestine, Lg Intestine, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas
- Functions of the Digestive System
- Process/digest food; Absorbs water/nutrients; Stores energy
- Major organs of the Urinary System
- Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
- Functions of the Urinary System
- Excretes waste products from blood; Controls H2O balance, Stores urine, Regulates blood ion/pH concentrations
- Major organs of Male Reproduction System
- Testes, Epididymides, Ductus Deferens, Seminal Vessicles, Prostate Gland, Penis, Scrotum
- Functions of the Male Reproduction System
- Produce male sex cells; Sexual intercourse
- Major organs of the Female Reproduction System
- Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary Glands
- Functions of the Female Reproductive System
- Produce oocytes; Support developing embryo; Provide milk; Sexual Intercourse
- All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
- Homeostasis
- Normal range for Blood Glucose Levels
- 70-110 mg/dl
- Auto response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change AKA Intrinsic Regulation
- Autoregulation
- Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
- Extrinsic Regulation
- Receives the stimuli
- Receptor
- Processes the signal and sends instructions
- Control Center
- Carries out instructions
- Effector
- Roles of Negative Feedback
- 1. Response of the effector negates the stimulus 2. Body is brought back into homeostasis 3. Normal range is achieved
- Positive Feedback
- 1. Response to the effector increases change of the stimulus 2. Body is moved away from homeostasis 3. Normal range is lost 4. Used to speed up processes
- Anatomical Position
- Hands at sides, palms forward
- Lying down, face up
- Supine
- Lying down, face down
- Prone
- References to palpable structures
- Anatomical Landmarks
- This plane slices an object down the middle, making left and right halves
- Sagittal Plane
- This is also called the coronal plane, this plane splits an object into a front and back half
- Frontal Plane
- This plane divides the body into an upper/lower half
- Transverse Plane
- Meaning: Above
- Superior
- Meaning: Below
- Inferior
- Toward the midline of the body
- Medial
- Away from the midline of the body
- Lateral
- Nearer to the trunk of the body or point of attachment
- Proximal
- Farther from the trunk or point of attachment
- Distal
- Toward the body surface
- Superficial
- Away from the body surface
- Deep
- Toward the front
- Anterior/Ventral
- Toward the back
- Posterior/Dorsal
- Same sides
- Ipsilateral
- Opposite sides
- Contralateral
- Imaginary flat surface that passes through the body
- Plane
- One of the 2 surfaces that results when the body is cut by a plane passing through it
- Section
- Plane passing through midline and cutting right/left sides
- Midsagittal Plane
- Plane cuts parallel to midsagittal line separates body into right/left portions of unequal size
- Parasagittal Plane
- CT
- Computerized Tomography
- MRI
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Purposes of Body Cavities
- Protects organs from accidental shocks; Permit changes in size shape of internal organs
- Divided by the diaphragm; consists of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
- Ventral Body Cavity
- Consists of Pleural and Pericardial cavities
- Thoracic Cavity
- Consists of Periotoneal, Abdominal, and Pelvic cavities
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Central region between lungs; contains trachea, esophagus, major vessels; housed in Thoracic cavity
- Mediastinum
- Contains many digestive glands/organs
- Abdominal Cavity
- Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
- Pelvic Cavity
- Lines cavity walls/covers organs
- Serous Membranes
- Lines cavity wall
- Parietal
- Covers organs
- Visceral
- Area posterior to parietal peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall
- Retroperitoneal Cavity