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Terms
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- release factor
- A cytoplasmic protein that binds to a stop codon where it appears in the A-site of the ribosome. Release factors modify the peptidyl transferase activity of the ribosome, such that a water molecule is added to the end of the completed protein. This releases the finished protein from the final tRNA, and allows the ribosome subunits and mRNA to disassociate.
- initiation factor
- to correctly bring together the translation complex; both ribosomal subunits, 5' end of the mRNA, the tRNA carrying the correct amino acid for the first codon, to establish a reading frame
- anti codon
- a specialized base triplet at one endof tRNA molecule that recongnizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
- start codon
- AUG; the codon that begins all RNA.
- enlongation factor
- are a set of proteins that facilitate the events of translational elongation, the steps in protein synthesis from the formation of the first peptide bond to the formation of the last one.
- translocation
- The transfer of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome.
- amino acid activation
- attaching a free amino acid to the right tRNA and thus activating it for use in translation. Done by cytoplasmic enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
- p site
- One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. This site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.
- stop codon
- UAG, UAA, or UGA; the codon that ends all RNA.
- wobble
- a violation of the base-pairing rules in that the third nucleotide (5' end) of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than 1 kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon
- aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
- an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA
- reading frame
- the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons
- signal peptide
- A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell.
- polyribosome
- An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one mRNA molecule.
- a site
- One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. This site in the ribosome holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.