Biology Exam
Terms
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- anticodon
- group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
- hybridization
- breeding technique that involved crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
- nucleotide
- monomer of nuleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
- transferRNA
- type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
- differentiation
- process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
- clone
- member of a population of genetically idnetical cells produced from a single cell
- base pairing
- principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
- bacteriophage
- virus that infects bacteria
- transcription
- process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
- genetic marker
- gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't
- exon
- expressed sequence of DNA codes for protein
- restriction enzyme
- enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
- polyploidy
- condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
- histone
- protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
- replication
- copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
- frameshift mutation
- mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
- promoter
- region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
- intron
- sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
- gene
- sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
- operator
- region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off"
- ribosomal RNA
- type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
- codon
- three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
- gel electrophoresis
- prcedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
- mutation
- change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
- transformation
- process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
- selective breeding
- method of breeding that allows onlt those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
- inbreeding
- continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms
- plasmid
- small circular piece of DNA
- point mutation
- gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
- polymerase chain reaction
- technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
- transgenic
- term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms
- operon
- group of genes operating together
- chromatin
- grandular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
- recombinant DNA
- DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
- RNA polymerase
- enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
- messengerRNA
- RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
- hox gene
- series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
- translation
- decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
- genetic engineering
- process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
- DNA polymerase
- enzyme involoved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule