TEST 1
Terms
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- Demosomes/ Anchoring Junctions
- Mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells; bind cells and contribute to internal network of strong 'guy wires'
- Cells of Epidermis
- Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans, Merkel
- Bone
- hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; very well vascularized; supports and protects and provides levers for muscles to act on; stores Ca, minerals and fat
- Each nucleatide consists of:
- nitrogen base (ATGC), pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
- Backbones of DNA
- alternating sugar and phosphate groups
- Fluid Mosaic Model
- depicts plasma membrane as thin structure composed of a double layer of lipid molecules with protein molecules dispersed in it. Proteins float around in lipid bilayer, creating mosaic pattern.
- K+
- Potassium - 150mM, 6mM
- Function of Skin
- Protection, body temp regulation, cutaneous sensation, vitamin D synthesis, blood resevoir, excretion
- Spiral
- ragged break occurs with excessive twisting forces are applied to bone - sports
- Anaphase
- centromeres of chromosomes split, cell elongates
- Sebeceous Glands
- oil glands; simple branched alveolar glands; found all over body except palms and soles; small on body, large on face
- Thyroid and Parathyroid
- control calcium levels in the blood
- Centrosome
- contained in cell, formed by microtubules anchored near nucleus. Acts as microtubule organizing center; granular looking matrix
- Depressed
- broken bone is pressed inward - typical of skull fracture
- Eccrine Sweat Glands
- more numerous of the two types and found in higher concentration on the palms, soles of feet, and forehead; each are simple, coiled, tubular gland that opens as a funnel shaped pore in the dermis
- Telophase
- begins as soon as chromosomal movement stops, identical sets of chromosomes at opposite ends of cell uncoil, new nuclear envelope forms, cleavage furrow
- Order of layers of Epidermis
- Corneum, Lucidem, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale
- First Degree Burn
- Epidermis is destroyed; localized redness, swelling and pain; heals in two or three days
- Molecular Chaperones
- globular proteins that aid in folding of polypeptide chains, help to translocate proteins and metal ions across cell membrane, promote breakdown of denatured proteins
- Papillary and Reticluar
- layers of dermis
- Second Degree Burn
- injury to epidermis and upper region of the dermis; blistering occurs; heals in two or three weeks
- Pseudostratified Columnar
- found in trachea; single layer of tall cells that grow to different heights
- Cytoplasm
- cellular material between plasma membrane and nucleus; includes cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
- Bone Deposit
- occurs when bone is injured or added bone strength is required
- Cell Theory
- Cell is basic structure and functional unit of living organisms; activity of organism depends on individual and collective activity of cells; principle of complementarity; continuity of life has a cellular basis
- RNA
- carries out the DNA instruction for protein synthesis, found in cytoplasm, single stranded
- Facillitated Diffusion
- molecules like glucose, amino acids and ions are ferried across membrane by binding to protein carriers or moves through water filled protein channels
- Vitamin E
- fat soluble, promotes wound healing, contributes to fertility, neutralize free radicals
- PMAT
- phases of mitosis; pro, meta, ana, telo
- Sudoriferous Glands
- sweat glands; 3 million found on body - two types: Eccrine and Apocrine
- Hypertonic
- Solution has higher concentration of solutes, cells shrivel
- RNA Combos
- U&A, C&G
- Lysosomes
- disintegrator bodies, lysosomal enzymes can digest almost all kinds og bio molecules
- A&T, C&G
- A: adenine T: Thymine G: Guanine C: Cytosine
- Prophase
- Chromosomes appear, nucleoli dissapear, mitotic spindle develops as centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, chromosomes move to middle of cell
- Greenstick
- bone breaks incompletely; only one side of shaft breaks, other side bends; common in children
- Vitamin A
- fat soluble, involved in vision
- Simple Cuboidal
- found in kidney tubules and surface of ovaries; single layer of cube shaped cells
- Cl-
- Chlorine - 9mM, 125 mM
- Transitional Epithelium
- occurs in lining of hollow urinary organs
- Hydrolysis
- splits polymers into monomers by adding H2O
- Regeneration
- replacement f destroyed tissue with same type of tissue
- Epiphyseal
- epiphysis separates from the diaphysis - hip bone break
- Bone Remodeling
- process of bone deposit (osteoblasts) and bone resorption (osteoclasts) which occur at surface of the periosteum.
- mRNA
- messenger, reflect exact nucleotide sequence of the gentically active DNA and carry the message
- Vitamin K
- fat soluble, necessary for proper clotting of blood
- Centriole
- small, barrell shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other; each one consists of pinwheel array of 9 tubes
- Keratinocytes
- found in epidermis; produces keratin
- Osteoclasts
- bone destroying cell; secretes lysosomal enzymes and hydrochloric acid
- Comminuted
- bone fragments into three or more peices
- Membranes
- 3rd structural feature of bone; external surface covered by white, double layered membrane called Periosteum. Houses osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- Stratified Squamos
- External skin, also found in esophagus,mouth, vagina; layers of flattened cells
- Osmosis
- diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
- Endergonic Reactions
- products of energy-absorbing reactions contain more potential energy in their chemical bonds than did the reactants. Anabolic reactions are typically energy-absorbing
- tRNA
- transfer, transfer amino acids to the ribosome
- Na+
- Sodium - 15mM, 150Mm
- Fat Soluble Vitamins
- A, E, K
- Fibrocartilage
- similar, but less firm than hyaline; rows of chondrocytes alternate with thick rows of collagen fibers; found in invertabral discs, pubic symphysis, knee joints
- Merkel
- found in epidermis; combined with sensory nerve ending is a sensory receptor
- Bone Resorption
- removal of bone
- Ca++
- Calcium -100nM, 1.2mM
- Diaphysis
- shaft that forms the long thick axis of the bone; surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity; constructed of thick collar of compact bone
- Metaphase
- Chromosomes cluster at middle of cell with their centronomes alligned at exact center, called metaphase plate. Enzyme called separase triggers separation of chromotids
- Gap Junctions
- nexus bond; communicating junction between adjacent cells; present in electrically excitable tissues such as heart and smooth muscle
- DNA
- storage of genetic information and direct protein synthesis, found in nucleus, double stranded
- Fibrosis
- proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue
- Hyaline Cartilage
- referred to as gristle; most abundant in body; contains large numbers of collagen fibers. Supports, reinforces and cushions; found in joint cavities covering ends of long bones, ribs, nose, trachea,larnyx
- Third Degree Burns
- full thickness burns - Involving entire thickness of the skin; burned area appears grey-white, cherry red, or blackened; No pain since nerve ending has been destroyed; grafting may be necessary
- Osteocyte
- mature bone cell; occupies lacunae
- Ceruminous Glands
- modified appocrine glands found in lining of ear; secrete earwax to deter insects and block entry
- Simple Diffusion
- nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through lipid bilayer
- Mesenchymal Cells
- An embryonic connective tissue cell with an outstanding capacity for proliferation and capable of further differentiation into reticular cells or osteoblasts. When persisting in the adult organism, the cells are usually arranged in loose connective tissue along the small blood vessels or in reticular fibers
- Mammary Glands
- modified sweat glands, secrete milk
- Nucleotides
- structural units of nucleic acids
- Langerhans
- found in epidermis;star shaped arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis; ingest foreign substances and activate immune system
- DNA
- Its two nucleotide chaines are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases so that a ladderlike molecule is formed
- Mitosis
- series of events that parcel out replicated DNA of mother cell to two daughter cells
- Apocrine Sweat Gland
- appx 2,000 of them; largely confined to axillary and anogenital areas; larger than eccrine glands; secretes sweat and fatty substances and proteins
- Exergonic Reactions
- reactions that release energy. These reactions yield products with less energy than the initial reactants, along with energy that can be harvested for other uses. catabolic and oxidative reactions
- Simple Squamos
- found in lungs, lining of the heart, and lining of the ventral body cavity (serosa); single layer of flattened cells
- Membrane Potential maintained in resting state by:
- sodium potassium pumps keeping negative charge on inside of cell and positive charge on outside of cell
- Tight Junction
- series of integral protien molecules in the plasma membrane of adjacent cells fused together forming impermeable junction that encircles cell; prevents molecules from pressing through extracellular space between adjacent cells
- Simple Columnar
- found in the digestive tract; single layer of tall cells
- ATP
- used in all body cells as immediately usable energy
- Dehydration Synthesis
- builds monomers into polymers by taking out H2O(carbs and proteins into long chains)
- Elastic Cartilage
- nearly identical to hyaline, but with many more elastic fibers; found where strength and strech are needed - external ear and epiglottis
- Epiphyses
- bone ends; cushions and absorbs stress
- Coenzyme
- non protein substance associated with and activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin; most organic cofactors are derived from vitamins (especially B Complex vitamins)
- Hypotonic
- Solution has lower concentration of solutes, cells plump and expand
- Organic Compound
- must have carbon
- Ionic Bonds
- bonds exist in Inorganic compounds: water, salts, acids and bases.
- Diffusion
- tendency of molecules to scatter evenly throughout environment ;passive membrane transport for every cell in body
- Enzymes
- Globular proteins, acts as bio catalysts
- Osteoblasts
- bone forming cells; secrete osteoid
- Melanocytes
- found in epidermis; synthesize pigment of melanin
- Osteogenic Cells
- actively mitotic stem cells found in periosteum and endosteum
- Compression
- bone is crushed - common in porous bones
- Mixtures
- are substances composed of 2 or more components physically intermixed
- rRNA
- Ribosomal; part of the ribosome, assists in protein synthesis