LIFE SPAN EXAM 4 CHAPTERS 10-13
Terms
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- The period of middle childhood is characterized by what kind of growth?
- slow consistent growth
- What are some physical changes in midddle childhood?
- an average of 2-3 inches a year, muscle mass and strength gradually increase, decreases in head circumference and leg length in relation to body height
- How is motor development during middle childhood?
- smoother and more coordinated, greater control over bodies, sit and attend longer, lives should be activity oriented
- What is reflected by the increased myelination of the CNS?
- improved motor skills
- How are improved fine motor skills reflected?
- handwriting development
- How do boys and girls differ as to motor skills?
- boys are better at gross motor skills, girls are better at fine
- Children's participation in sports have what consequences?
- positive-(exercise and self-esteem) or negative-(pressure to win and physical injuries)
- Middle and late childhood is usually a period marked by good health, what is the leading cause of death?
- motor vehicle accidents, cancer is second (leukemia most common)
- The increase in obesity in children is linked to what?
- poor diet, inadequate exercise, and pooreating habits
- What percent of children with a learning disability receive special education? How many are classified as having a learning disability?
- 10 percent; 50 percent
- What three components does a learning disability have?
- 1. a minimum IQ level 2. a significant difficulty in a school-related area 3. exclusion of only severe emotional disorders, etc
- What is dyslexia?
- severe impairment in the ability to read and spell
- ADHD is a disability in which individuals consistently show problems in what areas?
- 1. innatention 2. hyperactivity 3. impulsivity
- What did the 1975 Public Education for All Handicapped Children Act mandate?
- that all children be given a free, appropriate public education
- What is the concept of the least restrictive environmemt?
- that children with disabilities must be educated in a setting that is a as similar as possible to regular ones
- What is inclusion?
- educating children with disabilites full time in the regular classroom
- What did Piaget state was the stage of concrete operational thought?
- 7-11 years
- What does the stage of concrete operational thought involve?
- operations, conservation, classification, seriation and transivity
- What do critics say about Piaget?
- They question his estimates of competence at different developmental levels, his stages concept, etc
- What do Neo-Piagetians argue?
- that Piaget got some things right but theory needs revision
- On what do Neo-Piagetians place emphasis?
- on how children process information, strategies, speed of information processing, and the division of cognitive problems into more precise steps
- What mental ability increases in middle and late childhood? And what influences this?
- long term memory, knowledge and expertise
- What strategies influence memory?
- imagery and elaboration, the fuzzy trace theory
- What does critical thinking involve?
- thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating evidence, thinking in novel and unusual ways to come up with unique answers
- What did Guileford distinguish between?
- convergent and divergent thinking
- What strategy can be used to encourage creative thinking?
- brainstorming
- What is metacognition?
- cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing
- What did Pressley view as the key to education?
- that students learn a rich repertoire of strategies
- What does intelligence involve?
- problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt and learn from everyday experiences
- What developed the first intelligence test?
- Binet and Simon; concept of mental age
- What formula did Stern create?
- The concept of IQ as the mental age divided by the chronological age times 100
- What are the Weschler scales used for?
- used widely to assess intelligence and yield an overall IQ, as well as verbal and performance IQ's
- What did Spearman propose?
- that people have a general intelligence(g)and specific types(s), three main forms: analytical, creative, and practical
- What did Gardner propose?
- That there are 8 types of intelligence: verbal, math, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skills, musical skills and naturalist
- What issues are there in intelligence?
- heredity, environment, ethnicity, culture, and use and misuse of intelligence tests
- What do some studies on the heritability of intelligence show?
- adopted children have IQ's similar to biological parents, identical twins show stronger correlations than fraternal
- What is the Flynn effect?
- that intelligence test scores have risen in recent decades-pointing to the role of environment
- What did Ramsey's research reveal?
- the positive effects of educational child care on intelligence
- Who did early intelligence tests favor?
- White, middle-socioeconomic-status individuals over urban individuals
- What are three characteristics of gifted children?
- precocity, individuality, and a passion to master
- Children become more analytical and logical in their approach to what during middle childhood?
- words and grammar, and they better understand comparatives and subjectives; can use complex grammar and produce meaningful narratives
- What is the basic-skills-and-phonics approach?
- advocates phonetics instruction and giving children simplified materials
- What is the whole-language approach?
- stresses that reading instruction should parrallel children's natural language learning;giving whole-language materials such as books and poems
- Is success in learning a second language greater in childhood or adolescence?
- childhood
- What is seriation?
- the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
- What is transitivity?
- the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
- When is the average school-age girl taller than the boys?
- elementary school years until about the age of 11
- What is wasting?
- impoverished weight gain,
- What is stunting?
- impoverished height gain, 2 standards below av
- When a child is obese at 6 years of age-what are the chances of becoming an obese adult?
- 25%
- When a child is obese at 12 years of age-what are the chances of becoming an obese adult?
- 75%
- What characterizes autism?
- they have some receptive language and little expressive language
- Those with a leraning disability cannot do what?
- link sensory abilities to parts of the brain
- What percent of kids in special programs have a learning disability?
- 10%
- What are some characteristics of Williams's Syndrome?
- have strong and good musical inclination although their disabilites are profound
- What is dysgraphia?
- difficulty in writing and spacing words out on the page
- What is ayslexia?
- cannot read at all
- What is dsylexia?
- difficulties in reading
- What is dysnomia?
- word recall difficulty
- What is dyscalculia?
- math difficulty
- What is dyspraxia?
- difficulty with motor movements-especially speech
- What are strategies?
- cognitve processes that do not occur automatically but require work and effort, can be used to improve memory
- What is elaboration?
- a strategy that invloves engaging in more extensive processing of information
- What is the fuzzy trace theory?
- memory is best inderstood by considering 2 types of memory rep. 1. verbatim memory trace 2. gist older children's extracting the gist of the information
- What is convergent thinking?
- thinking that produces one correct answer (standardized tests)
- What is divergent thinking?
- thinking that produces many answers to the same question (creativity)
- How many points of a discrepancy between IQ and reading levels necessitate intervention?
- 16