Psych 353 Final
Terms
undefined, object
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- what is culture
- way of life developed to adapt to the physical and social circumstance they live
- what increases likelyhood of discrimination
- isolation
- how is self defined?
- from the relationship/membership of a subculture.
- when do children begin seeing social class difference?
- elementary school
- what are some biases against children of lower class?
- -more likely to have reading problems, lie to mother and start fights
- when do children become aware of gender?
- 3
- when do children learn their ethnic status?
- before school age (after awareness of sex at 3)
- how do younger children view ethnicity and how does it differ from older children?
-
younger: holidays, dress, school, language, more obvious ones
older: belief system, pride or detachment - what are the sexual hormones dominant in male and female?
-
males: androgens
females: estrogens - what does sexual hormones influence
- influence on brain organization and behavior
- where does the earliest recognition of gender come from?
- parents
- how does gender role exhibit itself in toys?
- girls encouraged to handle gently, care and nurture. boys are given noisy toys that encourage activity. encourage exploration and control over environment.
- what is the male role expected?
- contorlling and manipulating the environment
- what are girl roles expected?
- passive, loving, sensitive and supportive. self confidence and competitiveness not encouraged.
- which sex has greater pressure to comform to gender roles?
- male
- children's belief in stereotype become more rigid/loose as they age?
- rigid
- what is the development of gender recognition?
-
2: establish gender schema, boy and girl toy distinction
3: definite ideas about jobs/gender diff - what is the youngest children start generalizing gender stereotypes?
- 1 1/2
- in fae of contradictory evidence, children support/rethink streotypes
- still support
- who looked at gender role development in pre-school?
- Katz
- what is Katz' conclusion?
-
males are more aggressive exploratory and independent
girls more docile, socialble and dependentm - what is the gender differnece in delay of gratification?
- male it is harder. less ability to show restraint and maintian attention
- what experiment shows parents promoting independence?
- age to paly scissors alone. boys earlier.
- what is the shift in preschool and grade school in gender identity reinforcement
- school less, peer more
- who is macobby?
- study middle school gender differences
- what is macobby's conclusion
-
1. b g play differently
2. b more competitive, actiion oreinted, g more cooperative, relatiosnhal
3. girls find gusy aversive bc boys dont respond to them
therefore...
conc: they play in diff groups - what are characteristics of girl games according to macobby?
- girl: more imaginative, less structured by rules (REMEMBER, girls are still characterized as less imagintive, this is only in games).
- who plays more in small groups according to Macobby
- girls
- what are characteristics of boy games according to macobby?
- more rules, competitition, diversification of tasks (offense, defense)
- who has more rules in games?
- boys
- who is thorne and lurie's studies result
-
1. diff in sexual exploration
2. exposure to team sports (boys)
3. boys display more excitement
4. increase avoidance of physical contact as age - who explores sexuality more
- boys
- when can peer groups be sexually defined?
- 4th grade (before that, same sex holding hands is ok in 1/2 grade)
- who are more likely to be nice or mean
- girls
- who are more likely to play invasion games
- girls
- who make kissing threats to boys
- girls
- who play more contamination games
- both eqaul
- what is differnece when orenstein ask boys and girls to be opposite sex?
- boys associated with opp girls with restraints. for ex: if i were...i have to do this. if i were... now i can do this.
- what is diff in self confidence and dealing with difficult tasks
-
girls: lower, less
boys: more, more - what are some feelings expressed when parents give birth to a child with disability
- denial, pain, guilt, sense of loss
- what are some things parents of disability children should look out more
-
more energy needed, should get help
encouraged to treat them as normally as possible
early intervention service - what are some stressors on families of disabled children****!
-
1. frustration with long term uncertaintly
2. question over prevention guilt.
3. fatigue
4. appt
5. less freedom in activities
6. financial - what does Jones have to say about handicapped children components
- 1. mental retardation/ddevelopmentally delayed 2. sensory/motor challenges 3. low tolerance of frsutration 4. poor self concept (praise with reasonable limit as advice)5. short attention span 6. conrete thinking unable 7. social relationship limited
- what does Jones say to do when sensory and motor challenge
- provide assessment and itnervention
- what to do when child has low tolerance of frustration
- assess task/expectation, communication btwn home/school
- what to do when poor self concept
- awareness of limitation, praise but reasonable limit
- what to do with short attention span
- present concrete/simple tawsk with clear instruction/assess distractions
- what to do about a disabled child's social life?
- increase support and learn rules and expectations of games
- what is cerebral palsy and what is its effects?
- eeffect body movement and muscle coordination.
- what caused cerebral palsy
- damage to motor area of brain
- how to treat cerebral palsy
- tech advancement for children with no cognitive impairements
- what is gross's conclusion on the psychosocial impact of handicapped child
- higher level of stress, social support as a mediator, parental variable as a mediator (age occupation), low SES increas stress, marital relationship (buffer or stress)
- what are some ways for parents to deal with childreen with disability? what are keys to adaptation
-
1. anticipate stress
2. sharing resource/burdens
3. acceptance
4. note critical period in child's life (21: emancipation)
COMM, ACCPT, SUPP/HELP - what is wrong with the chromosome sof those with down syndrome
- extra genetic material on 21st chromosome (trisomy 21)
- what are characteristics of those with down syndrome
- almond shaped eye, small features, high rate of heart defects
- what is down syndrome kidds likely to have in addition to down syndrom?
- ADHD, depression as well
- what is historical changes for children for disability
- more opportunity, more mainstream, more jobs for them
- what do all kids ahve regardless of the time it shows
- special abilities and strength. some jsut developed at diff pace
- what do salisbur, gallucci, palomaro and peck says about strategies that promote social relationship with elementary student and disabled students
-
1. active facilitation of social interaction
2. the kid has abilities benefitial to class
3. build community in classroom (care and understanding)
4. modelling acceptance (model for the kid to be accepted) - what are some good qualities of disabled children in classroom
-
1. can be a resource
2. creative, compassion
3. accepting, supportive - whats Individualized Educational Planning Committee and waht does it do?
- provide disabled kids with document that apply for services (service within a year limit, done annually). evaluate and recommend for services. find out least restrictive environment
- what ar esiblings of disabled children concern
- isolation, need for information, guilt, concern, overcompensation
- what are some expectations u should have of the sibling
-
1. they should be treated equally
2. one shouldnt overcompensate - is overexpectation of a special need child bad?
- no, easier to adapt. reasonable.
- what should parents give opp to their kids with one being disabled?
- 1. support group 2. free information egarding the problem 3. free time ALONE 4. celebrate milestones 5. serve as models
- what are 5 msg of school according to Wasburn
-
1. nationality
2. political authority
3. citizenship
4. info worth knowing
5. democratic value - what are 2 skills schools teach
-
1. cognitive (math, science
2. general (sitting down..etc.) - whats in common btwn china, russia, and US in their school systems?
- partiotism, national history, obedience, diligence, personal cleanliness, physical fitness, language usage.
- early academic success predicts.... and early academic failure predicts...
- nothing. failure.
- what are 4 values by brint, conterara, matthews
-
1. work performance
2. social
3. tarditioanl value
4. modern value - what are 5 levels of shcool/classroom serving as socialization function
-
1. teacher-initiated classr rules
2. academic curriculum
3. participation in classroom activities
4. co-curricular
5. public display, rituals - what are the common messages from teachers?
-
1. order/effort
2. social (respect)
3. traditional values (fair, courage, honesty)
4. modern values (less than 1%) - what are the written rules content?
-
2/3 rules with consequence/rewards
1/3 work effort
1/4 respect school property - how do messages to 2nd grader and 5th grader differ?
-
2nd: trad value in face of hardship, recognize and cooperate other cultures
5th: tolerance on diversity, cultural specific projects - how much time do kids spend on group projets in school
- 20%
- waht are some new trends at school
- 1. capture rather than command interest 2. ALL students must improve 3. multicultural in content/practice 4. value education
- what does Rist study indicate (k-2)
- all black school. the special table with special priv is higher class (better clothes)
- how do teachers of lower/higher class differ?
- teachers expectations, activity(middle class more active)
- what is Ogbu's study?
- look at why low-income children fail
- what is Ogbu's finding
-
1. expectation from teacher
2. they didnt attempt at work (not failed at attempting the work) 3. no belief of opportunity 4. told that they must be twice as strong to succeed if they were to succeed in school 5. teacher attribute problems to psychological 6. parents see it as school's problem - boys acount for ___% of suspensions
- 75%
- who are more often identified for special education? how much?
- boys 70%
- from when to when do boys receive lower report grades?
- elementary to high school
- boys commit ___% of shcool violence
- 85%
- boys __X more likely to be diagonosed with hyperactivity
- 9X
- __ are __ times as likely to be seen as role models
- boys, 2
- __ are __ times as likely to receive attention
- boys, 5
- ___ are __ times more likely to speak up in class
- boys, 12
- ___ are exposed to __times more male oriented stories
- girls, 3
- why dont girls like computers?
- 1. anxiety, comeptitive games, programming with amle in mind 2. social context (boys monopolize machines) 3. boys take charge- also known as gender grouping
- __% of college females in CS
- 4%
- __% of AP comp sci testees are girls
- 17%
- how do asian and american moms differ?
- rate success due to ability or effort. cultural values.
- when does americans exhibit shittier math and science skills
- following 4th grade
- americans is the lowest in TIMSS score at which subject
- physics
- ___% of kids dont have rules about TV
- half
- more/less than half report tv during meal time?
- more than half
- most kids ___ watch tv with their parents?
- dont
- how much do children 2-11 watch tv every week
- 22-25 hours (3 or 4 hours everyday)
- by the time a child graduates highschool, he does ___- more than anything but sleep
- TV
- when does tv time start decreasing
- 12/13
- when does music began to be listened to
- 9-10
- which race uses tv and radio more
- blacks
- as IQ decreases, tv watching
- increases
- what does tv influence
- attitude, belief, behavior
- does time of exposure really have to do with the influence?
- no, long term watching may have no impact
- what are two trends in TV?
- more quality channels; more sex and violence
- how does tv contribute to streotypes?
- female gender roles (more likely to be parnets, less likely to be hero, victimized, sexual, prized). enforce racial stereotypes as well
- how does children programming streotype gender?
-
male: problem solvrs
female: sweet and childlike - around __% tv shows during the day conatain violence scenes? __ of children shows has violent situations
- 50%, 2/3, most perpetrators unpished
- __% of MTV shows violence/weapon
- 1/4
- new study by Huesmann indicate what about violence
- 15 year follow up show that childhood exposure does indicate inclination
- what make children predicted violence higher?
-
1. idnetification with ti
2. perceived relaism - what effects does violence on TV have on children?
-
1. learn aggressive skills
2. weaken inhibition against behaving violently/tolerance - how does children benefit from media?
- 1. vocab 2. comprehension 3. flexible thinking skills
- what effects does educational program have on kids in preschool - i mean, how does it predict academic performance
- higher, read more books
- girls that watched more violent programs have __ grades in school
- lower
- why is tv related to obesity in children
- 1. tv in bedroom 2. advertising (the advertisiers know it too)
- how do children feel about commercial messages at 2 and 6th grade
-
2nd: suspicious
6th: global distrust - highschoolers spend __ min a day reading mag
- 13-18 (note it is the same age)
- why do teens read mag
- 1. reflect their lives 2. cool trends
- what is mag's effect on women
- idea of feminity, relationship with men
- what do black girls look to learn about idea of feminity? not from mag
- peers, cultural standards
- ___ of marriages end in divorce
- hlaf
- initial research of divorce and impact on children uses ___
- crisis model
- what happens following a divorce onthe child?
- parent work, decreased SES, move loss of peers, increased responsibility
- what does chidlren adapt into following divorce
- single household, parental dating, remarriage
- what are some factors that impact effect of divorce on children
- age, gender, temperament, parental hostility, parental pathology, social support
- younger children respond to divorce as ___
- worse
- which gender take divorce worse (children)
- male
- what is the largest predictor of post-divorce negative outcome**
- parental hostility
- how to normalize/intervene children of divorce?
-
1. clarification of new adapations
2. increase communication
3. encourage more adaptive coping pattern, strategy - whats best for toddler when sick
- parental presence
- what is the effect on preschool children with chronic illness
- punitive thinking, magiccal thinking, increase possibility of developmental regression (disrupts autonomy), poor peer interaction, no mom there to discipline
- what is effect on middle childhood of hospitalization/illness?
- disrupt sense of mastery, control (most important), need to "catch up" on development
- what is effect of hospitalization/illness on adolecent
- identity development impeded, deal with problem internally, rely less on family, concern of being "different", sense of independence, status in peer group, appearance
- what to do to tell a child he is dying
- honest communication, giving "choice" in everything (regain control for him), give them full knowledge, include in decision making, survival goals
- what are 3 processes of model for workign with children facing death of loved one?
-
1. bereavement process (isolation due to death, emotional, cognitive, behavioral response) 2. grief process (observable expression about death)
3. mourning process (internal evolution of the image of the dead one) - how does preschoolers respond to death?
- separation difficulties, limited understanding of death/time
- how do early elementary schoolers respond to death?
- understand death as a concept, not the permanence, seen as reversable
- how does late elementary schoolers respond to death?
- more understanding, difficulty concetrating, dwithdraw, isolation, more BEHAVIORAL change
- what are some needs of the child with death involved in relatives?
- need to discuss it, need strategies to help with teasing, need to find permission to keep on living (not labeled), support and memories. they learn bad things happen and increase uncertainty about life.
- whats important in child life in hospital
- provide normalized experience
- what are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder?
- recurrent thought fo trauma, phobic avoidance of places, oversensitivity to sound, nervousness, increased irritablity, blunted emotion (numb or helpless), sleep disturbance, misperception cognitively, distrust, less future oriented
- what are two forms of abuse?
- physical and emotional
- what are two forms of neglect
- medical neglect or physical neglect
- what is the porportion of neglect vs. physically buse or sexually abuse to emotional abuse (4 kinds)
- 6:2:1:.7
- which gender and which sex has the highest fatality rate from abuse?
- male infant
- which age group died the most from neglect?
- younger than 4
- who neglects more in neglect cases? mom or dad
- mom
- what are some risk factors for abusefor children?
- sex, age, disabilities, prematurity, LBW, childhood trauma, behavior problems, chornic illness, difficult/slow to warmup temparament
- what are some protective factors for children from abuse?
- good health, smart, hobbies, good peer relation, easy temperament, active coping style, good social skills
- what are some risk factors for parents/family?
- substance abuse, use; history of child abuse; personality: external locus of control, poor impulse control, lwo tolerance, mental illness, social isolation, see child as a source of love/affection (unrealistic developmental expectation)
- what are some protective factors of family from abuse?
- secure attachment, warm relationsihp, house rules, family support
- children deal with increased or decreased anxiety nowadays? why?
- increased, feeling that parents cant protect them
- what are some factors determining response to war in children?
- proximity, identification (esp with younger injured), realistic and imagined fear increased; age gender and cognitive level, past history, individual indifference; parental response can increase/decrease negative reactions; realistic worries about safety/security; bereavment, economic shifts, single parenting, surrogate parenting, moves, loss of peer group; increased divorce rate, contact
- What are some common reaction of children in war?
- nightmares, clinging, anxiety,c rying, physical problem, food hoarding behavior, sleep with light on
- about ___ of the children exhibit PTSD after war?
- over half
- what are something that enhance adaptation to war?
- coping by adult/others, support system, activity/mastery, denial, BASIC model
- What is the BASIC model?
- belief, affect, social skills, imagination, cognition
- does active coping/relief effort decrease anxiety?
- no. it might increase it.
- what are some risks to be raised in popular?
- health, cognitive and social-emotional deficit (depression, mental health difficulty, trauma symptom)
- What are some recommendations that Kotlowitz suggested for poverty districts?
-
-continued literacy program
-begin listening
-co-living, common rooms
-build on what was working
-violence as public health issue
-rehab of juvenile justice system - what was the doll experiment?
- kids didnt pick the white doll
- at what age can children point out racial difference?
- 3
- at what age can children identify racially? as a group?
- 7
- what are some characterisitics of adolescence that Elkind pionts out?
-
-egocentrism
-imaginary audience
-personal fable (unique/heroic)
-invincibility fable - higher rate of conflict ____ (is or is not) indication of poor quality of parent child relationship
- is not
- there is more conflict when (more/less) time spent together wit hparents
- less
- which STD do US teenagers have the highest in?
- gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia
- what does early sex predict?
- delinqunt behavior, poor prospect for higher education, smoking, alcohol.
- what is the implication emotionally of being gay in HS?
- gay, isolation, denial, fake, low self esteem
- what is the result of girl scount's report on safety in girls?
- emotional safety #1 concern, then physical.
- hwo much girls say they can keep themselves safe
- 50%
-
who feels more insecure? (in terms of safety)
teen or younger girls? - teen
- how do boys form cliques?
- definition of masculinity
- boys are ___ as much bullying
- twice