Memory
Terms
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Acoustic Encoding
- encoded memory of a stimulus on the basis of any sound associated with it
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Automatic Processing
- processing of information that guides behaviour, but without conscious awareness, and without interfering with other conscious activity that may be going on at the same time
- Blocking
- having a CS (conditioned stimulus) that can predict a UCS (also known as US or unconditioned stimulus) is sufficient
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Change Blindness
- large changes within a visual scene are undetected by the viewer
- Chunking
- a way of organizing information into familiar groupings
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Discrepancy Detection Principle
- recollections are more likely to change if a person does not immediately detect discrepancies between misinformation and memory for the original event
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Echoic Memory
- Memory for sound
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Effortful Processing
- learning or storing (encoding) that requires attention and effort
- Encoding
- The process by which information is stored in memory
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Explicit (declarative) Memory
- a type of long-term memory in which we store memories of fact
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Iconic Memory
- Memory for visual stimuli
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Implicit (procedural) Memory
- the type of memory we have for "procedures" or for basic associations between stimuli and responses
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Long-term Memory
- the unlimited capacity memory store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
- Memory
- the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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Misinformation Effect
- a memory bias that occurs when misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory
- Mnemonics
- memory aids
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Mood-congruent Memory
- occurs where current mood helps recall of mood-congruent material, regardless of our mood at the time the material was stored
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Next-in-line effect
- The poor recall a person in a group has for what was said by others who spoke just before or after this person
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Positive Transfer
- occurs when a person's experience with a previous skill helps when he or she sets out to learn a new skill
- Priming
- an acuteness to stimuli because of exposure to a certain event or experience
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Proactive Interference
- Difficulty in learning new information because of already existing information
- Recall
- bringing a thought or idea learned previously, and thus stored in memory into conscious awareness
- Recognition
- identifying something you learned previously and is therefore stored in some manner in memory
- Rehearsal
- consciously repeating information over and over in order to keep it in temporary memory
- Retrieval
- The process of searching for some item in memory and of finding it
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Retroactive Interference
- when a person has difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information
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Self-reference effect
- material that relates to one's self-concept will be easier to remember
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Semantic Encoding
- a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something (a word, phrase, picture, event, whatever) is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it
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Sensory Memory
- The part of the memory system which is the initial contact for stimuli
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Serial-position effect
- the tendency to recall information that is presented first and last (like in a list) better than information presented in the middle
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Short-term Memory
- the part of the memory system where information is stored for roughly 30 seconds
- Sleep-learning
- attempts to convey information to a sleeping person, typically by playing a sound recording to them while they sleep
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Source Amnesia
- an explicit memory disorder in which someone can recall certain information, but they do not know where or how they obtained it
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Spacing Effect
- while you are more likely to remember material if exposed to it many times, you will be much more likely to remember it if the exposures are repeated over a longer span of time
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State-dependant Retrieval
- Recall from long-term memory that is dependent on certain cues from our physical states
- Storage
- the retention of encoded information over time
- Transience
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memory is passed quickly in and out, is forgotten quickly
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Visual Encoding
- encoded memory of a stimulus on the basis of any visual property associated with it
- Working Memory
- temporary storage of information while one is working with it or attending to it