T&L 301 FINAL!
Terms
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- Cultural Tools
- The computers, scales, numbers, language, graphs, etc. that allow people in a society to communicate, think, solve problems, and create knowledge.
- Learning
- A relatively permanent change in an individual's knowledge or behavior caused by experience.
- Accommodation
- Altering existing schemes, or creating new ones in response to new information.
- Assimilation
- Fitting new information into existing schemes.
- Shaping
- Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior.
- Behavior Modification
- Systematic application of antecedents and consequences to change actions.
- Reprimand
- Criticism for misbehaviour; rebuke.
- Situated Learning
- The idea that skills and knowledge are tied to the circumstances in which they are learned and difficult to apply in new settings
- Learned Helplessness
- The expectation based on previous experienves with a lack of control, that all one's efforts will lead to failure.
- Minority Group
- A group of people who have been socially disadvantaged--not always based on numbers/
- Resilience
- The ability to adapt successfully in spite of difficult circumstances and threats to development
- Tracking
- Assignment to different classes and academic experiences based on achievement.
- Social Negotiation
- Aspect of learning process that relies on collaboration with others and respect for different perspectives.
- Collaboration
- A philosophy about how to deal with people that respects differences, shares authority, and builds on the knowledge of others.
- Code-Switching
- Successfully going back and forth between cultures in language, dialect, or nonverbal behaviors to fit the situation.
- Critical Thinking
- Evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining the problem, the evidence, and the solution.
- Self-Esteem
- The value each of us places on our own characteristics, abilities, and behaviors.
- Self-Determination
- Feeling competent, having a sense of some control over our lives, and being connected to others.
- Learning Style
- Characteristic approaches to learning and studying
- Self-Concept
- Individual's knowledge and beliefs about themselves--their ideas, feelings, attitudes, and expectations.
- Autonomy
- Independence
- Self-Efficacy
- Beliefs about personal competence in a particular situation or discipline.
- Attribution Theories
- Descriptions of how individuals' explanations, justifications, and excusees influence their motivation and behavior.
- Gender Bias
- Different views of males and females, often favoring one over the other.
- Observational Learning
- Learning by watching and imitating others
- Pragmatics
- Rules for when and how to use language to be an effective communicator in a particular culture
- Domain-Specific Knowledge
- Information that is useful in a particular situation that applies manly to one specific topic.
- Pygmalion Effect
- Exceptional progress by a student as a result of high teacher expectation for that student.
- Vicarious Reinforcement
- Increasing the chances that we will repeat a behavior by observing another person's treatment for that behavior.
- Digital Divide
- Disparities in access to technology between poor and more affluent students and families.
- Behavioral Objectives
- Learning targets stated in terms of observable behaviors.
- Active Teaching
- Instruction characterized by high levels of teacher explanation, demonstration, and interaction with students.
- Nathan is shown two balls of clay that he identifies as equal in quantity. When one of the balls is then rolled into a sausage, Nathan says that piece(sausage) now has more clay. This indicates that Nathan is in the preoperational stage.
- True
- In Piaget's theory, an understanding of object permanence is acquired during the sensorimotor stage.
- True
- A prompt is a reminder that follows a cueto make sure the child or student reacts to the cue.
- True
- The principle of contiguity involves an association between two events through pairing.
- True
- Behavioral theories of learning emphasize observable actions.
- True
- Telling a child that after s/he gets dressed and makes the bed she can play outside is an example of the Premack Principle.
- True
- Without social transmission, we would need to reinvent all the knowledge already offered by our culture.
- True
- To members of a resistance culture, being successful in school means selling out to and trying to act like the majority or "middle class".
- True
- When students are confronted with real scenarios or situations that have meaning for them, the learning is problem-based.
- True.
- A teaching strategy in which the teacher presents a problem and students ask yes/no questions to gather data and test a hypothesis is called vicarious learning.
- False.
- According to the cognitive approach to learning, the same event means different things to different people.
- True
- Culturally relevant pedagogy is a method that has been used successfully with students of color and students in poverty.
- True
- The most important source of self-efficacy information comes from mastery experiences.
- True
- Failure-avoiding students try to protect themselves from situations in which they will not look good to others.
- True
- The prevailing biew regarding the use of learning styles research for identifying ethnic group differentces is that such information needs to be considered cautiously as it may promote stereotyping.
- True
- In using the IDEAL approach to problem solving, the first step is to identify the proble,.
- True
- Preschool children have the most stereotyped notions of gender roles.
- True
- Researchers agree that goal-setting is most beneficial for self-management when students keep their goals private.
- False
- In adolescent rats, the prefrontal cortex is still developing. The plasticity of the prefrontal cortext makes adolescent rats more prone to addiction.
- True
- The study of the courtesies and conventions of communication across different cultures is called sociolinguistics.
- True
- A clear specification of what a teacher intends students to accomplish on a learning task is called an instructional objective.
- True
- Rather than having overall goals to guide planning, constructivist teachers use specific objectives to guide learning.
- False