Skeletal System
Terms
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- 5 major functions of bones
- 1. Support 2. Movement 3. Protect 4. Blood cell formation 5. Inorganic Salt storage
- Axial Skeleton
- this part of the skeleton contains: 1. Skull 2. Hyoid Bone 3. Thorax 4. Vertebrae
- Appendicular Skeleton
- This part of the skeleton contains: 1. Pectoral Girdle 2. Arms 3. Pelvic Girdle 4. Legs
- Long Bone
- Absorbs stress Ex. Radius & Femur
- Short Bone
- Transfer forces of movement Ex. Carpals & Tarsals
- Flat Bone
- Protects soft Tissue Ex. Scapula, Sternum and Cranium
- Irregular Bone
- Aids in muscle attachment and articulation Ex. Vertebrae and Some facial bones
- Sesamoid Bone
- Reduce friction, tension and stress Ex. Patella, palm and ball of foot
- Epiphyses
- Part of long bone END of bone
- Articular Cartilage
- thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses *Part of Long Bone
- Diaphysis
- Shaft of Long Bone
- Periosteum
- Membrane around Bone, continuous with ligaments and tendons attached to bone
- Endosteum
- Connective Tissue Lining Inner cavity
- Medullary Cavity
- Hollow cavity filled with bone marrow
- Red Bone Marrow
- Makes new blood cells In Adults: Ribs, Sternum, Clavicles, Hib bones, Vertebrae
- Yellow Bone Marrow
- Fat Storing Connective Tissue Starts to form in long bones when toddler
- Spongy Vs Compact
- Compact: TIGHTLY packed tissue, continuous with extracellular matrix Spongy: Matrix and cells don't aggregate around central canal. No osteons
- Osteocyte in Lacunae
- Bone cell in its Space *Compact
- Osteon
- Densely Packed cylindrical structure *Compact
- Describe 3 abnormal curves of the spine
- scoliosis - lateral curvature of the spine that involves a rotation of the vertebra KYPHOSIS - abnormally exaggerate kyphotic or convex curve of the thorcic spine. This condition is also termed hyper-kyphosis. Postural kyphosis usually become apparent during adolenscence & is associated with slouch . schuermannskyphis is a gentietic condition that also become apparent durin the early teen years but tends to be more sever witirregularly formed vertebra & disks LORDOSIS - exaggerated lordodic or condave curve most commonly found in the lumbar spine creating a condition commonly known as swayback
- Structures identified in Spongy Bone Tissue
- 1. Trabeculae 2. Red Bone Marrow
- Trabeculae
- In Spongy Bone Interlacing arches of matrix that contain osteocytes in their lacunae
- 4 Main Bone Processes
- 1. Ossification 2. Deposition 3. Calcification 4. Resorption
- Ossification
- Formation of bone tissues
- Deposition
- Depositing Inorganic salts into matrix
- Calcification
- Hardening of matrix
- Resorption
- Decomposition of bone tissue
- Cells involved in bone processes
- -osteogenic cells -chondroblasts -Osteoblasts -Osteoclasts -Epiphyseal Plate
- Osteogenic Cells
- B Process Cells that CAN become bone cells -baby Bone Cells
- Chondroblasts
- Cartilage forming cells B Process
- Osteoblast
- Cells that make bone tissue
- Osteoclasts
- Cells that BREAK down Bone tissue
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Layer of Hyaline Cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis
- Endochondral Ossification
- Type of Bone development -Bones begin as hyaline cartilage -most bones of skeleton
- Fontanels
- Soft spots on baby's head
- Steps of long bone growth
- Layers of cartilage cells in epiphyses produce plates Inner bone in medullary cavity removed Spongy bone produced turns to compact
- Bone Remodeling
- *Part of Homeostasis After ossification 3-5% exchanged each yr.
- Bone Growth Factor
- Vitamins: D, A, C Hormones Exercise
- Osteoporosis
- Bone loss is greater than that made
- Articulation
- Functional junctions between BONES
- Tendon
- Fibrous connective tissue that connects MUSCLE to BONE
- Ligament
- Connective Tissue connects BONE to BONE
- RANGE OF MOVEMENT
- 1. Synarthrosis 2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis
- Synarthrosis
- Immovable
- Amphiarthrosis
- Slightly Movable
- Diarthrosis
- Freely Movable
- Types of Joints based on Structure
- 1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
- Fibrous
- -Syndesomsis -suture -Gomphosis *Connected By DENSE IRREG CT *Bones in Close Contact *Synarthrotic
- Cartilaginous
- -Synchondrosis -Symphysis *Connected by Hyaline/Fibrous Cart. *Amphiarthrotic
- Synovial
- -Ball & socket -Condyloid -Gliding -Hindge -Pivot -Saddle *Articular cartilage
- Flexion
- Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer *Bending knee
- Extension
- Straightening parts at ajoint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther away *Straightening knee
- Hyperextension
- Excess Extension of the parts at a joint *Bending the head back beyond the upright position
- Dorsiflexion
- Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin *Walking on heels
- Plantar Flexion
- Movement of the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin *walking or standing on toes
- Abduction
- Moving a part away from the midline *lifting upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with side of body
- Adduction
- Moving a part toward the midline *Returning upper limb from horizontal position to teh side of body
- Rotation
- Moving a part around an axis *Twisting the head from side to side
- Circumdiction
- Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path *moving finger in circular motion
- Supination
- turning the hand so that the palm is upward
- Pronation
- Turning the hand so that palm is downward or facing posteriorly
- Eversion
- Turning the foot so that platnar surface faces laterally
- Protraction
- Moving a part forward *Thrusting the chin forward
- Retratction
- Moving a part backwards *Pulling chin backwards
- Elevation
- Raising a part *Shrugging shoulders
- Depression
- Lowering a part *Dropping shoulders
- Procedures for Joint Diseases
- 1. Synovectomy: removing synovial fluid 2. Arthrocentis: taking fluid sample 3. Arthroscopy: Using Camera to insept joint
- OSTEO VS RHEUMATOID
- -affects more, 1-2 joints affected, painful swollen joints, limited mobility, 30 min morning stiffness VS -Chronic swelling, permanent, sweeling and deformity, morning stiffness , fatigue and wt loss