Bio Test
Terms
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- atomic mass units
- AMU =
- lower
- research on the experimental lake areas has led to industry being legislated to __ their emission standards
- neutralization
- when acid and bases combine to form salt
- ion
- atom that has lost or gained electrons resulting in a positive or negative charge on the atom
- periodic law
- ____ _ states that when elements are arranged in order based on the number of protons, similarities in their properties will occur in a regular pattern
- weak
- >3 <7 = ___ acid
- 32
- the fourth energy level in an atom has __ electrons
- subshells
- the shells of an atom are divided into...
- weak
- >7 <11 = ___ base
- covalent bonds
- formed between atoms that share electrons easily, like carbon
- lake
- acid rain studies are done to determine the effects of pollution on __ populates and other aspects of living systems
- oxygen, nitrogen
- ___ and ___ are VERY important to the molecules of life
- cohesion
- an attraction between molecules of the same substance
- atom
- smallest unit; cannot be divided
- molecule
- the smallest unit of most compounds; it results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds
- oxygen, nitrogen
- ___ and ___ are highly attracted to electrons so they dissolve in polar water
- atom
- the smallest unit of an element that retains all of its properties
- covalent bonds
- formed between atoms that share electrons easily, like carbon
- atom
- carries small particles called electrons
- adhesion
- an attraction between molecules of different substances
- atomic mass number
- the mass of protons and neutrons expressed in a.m.u.'s
- cation
- positively charged ion
- ionization
- when non ionic compounds like water dissociate to form ions; a vital process in living cells
- s, p, d, f
- the subshells names are _, _, _, and _
- toxin
- one observed explanation for this was that at the more acidic pH an algae population bloomed and created a ___ that killed off the fish
- electrons
- subatomic particles that carry negative electrical charges
- water dissociates
- about 1/500 million water molecules will come apart to form hydrogen & hydroxide
- base
- something with a pH > 7
- opposite
- ionic bonds are formed between atoms of ___ negativities
- orbitals
- spaces that are occupied by 2 electrons; The region in an atom where electrons are "likely" to be found
- polar
- molecules in which electrons are unevenly shared, like water.
- electronegativity
- ________ refers to an atom's attraction to its own electrons and electrons in general.
- ion
- atom that has lost or gained electrons resulting in a positive or negative charge on the atom
- nitric acid
- lake research also has revealed that __ __ is an important factor in acid rain and its effects on lakes
- stability
- atoms seeking ____ will do this in one of two ways: form ions or become involved in bonding
- atomic number
- the number of protons that identifies the atom
- oxidation
- ____ refers to the loss of electrons
- higher
- one interesting outcome observed by the researchers was that the pH level for "die off" was __ than expected
- seven
- there are __ different shells
- pH scale
- a scale from 0-14 that helps in determining acids and bases
- 7, 14
- subshell f has _ orbitals and can hold up to _ electrons
- isotope
- one of multiple forms of an element having the same atomic number but a different atomic mass (differing in the number of neutrons)
- 18
- the third energy level in an atom has __ electrons
- 8
- the second energy level in an atom has _ electrons
- negative, positive
- in water molecules, the oxygen end has a slight ___ charge because it is at one end while the hydrogen atoms have a ___ charge because they are at the other end
- drawing water out
- capillary action affects plants by ___ __ _ of the roots of a plant and up into its stems and leaves
- periods
- horizontal rows on the periodic table
- reproduce, survive
- research has revealed that one complication of an acidic lake is that fish can't ____ and insects can't ___.
- ionic bonds
- bonded atoms that don't share electrons
- anion
- negatively charged ion
- electronegativity
- Because of ________, atoms involved in covalent bonding do not always share electrons equally
- shell
- Within the atom, there are different amounts of energy in the electrons, within a particular energy level, or _
- acid
- solid, tastes SOUR, corrosive, neutralizes BASES, reacts with pH indicator, conducts electrical currents
- bonds
- connections between atoms
- compound
- a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
- decreases
- as the number of hydrogen atoms goes up, the number on the pH scale ___.
- neutral
- the number of hydrogen atoms is equal to the number of hydroxide atoms
- hydrogen bonding
- water is cohesive due to ___ __
- families
- vertical columns on the periodic table
- acid
- something with a pH < 7
- neutral
- a water molecule is __
- nonpolar
- a compound that has mostly covalent bonds with electrons that are evenly distributed around the molecules that are sharing the electrons, like methane
- 3, 6
- subshell p has _ orbitals and can hold up to _ electrons
- octet rule
- 8 electrons in the outer energy level renders an atom unreactive (stable), except Helium which is non reactive with 2 electrons
- hydrogen bonds
- very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule
- strong
- 11-14 = ___ base
- neutral
- something with a pH = 7
- base
- solid, tastes BITTER, corrosive, neutralizes ACIDS, reacts with pH indicator, conducts electrical currents, slippery
- element
- a pure substance that consists entirely of one atom and cannot be broken down by any means into another substance
- covalent
- ___ bonds share electrons
- carbonic acid buffer system
- chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion acts as a pH regulator in the blood
- 2
- the first energy level in an atom has _ electrons
- logarithmic
- the pH scale is ____. this means that a change of 1 unit on the pH scale represents a ten fold change on the number of hydrogen/hydroxide ions
- recover
- most encouraging is that researchers have determined that lakes can ___ if emission levels contributing to acid rain are controlled
- 5, 10
- subshell d has _ orbitals and can hold up to _ electrons
- oxidation numbers
- ____ __ help to predict bonding patterns and ion formation for specific atoms (elements)
- hydrogen bond
- a bond formed between molecules that is only strong because of the amount of bonds there are
- capillary action
- the rise of water in a narrow tube against the force of gravity is called...
- buffer
- chemical systems that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or base added to solution
- electron cloud model
- Electrons move rapidly (like fan blades) forming an electron-cloud (region)
- 1, 2
- subshell s has _ orbital and can hold up to _ electrons
- strong
- 0-3 = ___ acid
- shared
- Electrons in covalent bonds are "__"