A&P Respiratory System
Terms
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- The process of taking in oxygen and getting rid of the waste carbon dioxide.
- Respiration
- The upper respiratory tract includes:
-
1. nose
2. nasal cavity
3. pharynx
4. sinuses - The lower respiratory tract includes:
-
1. larynx
2. trachea
3. bronchi
4. lungs
5. internal lung structures
6. ancillary structures - The two nasal cavities are seperated by the:
- nasal septum
- The nasal septum is made up of the ____ and ____ ____.
-
vomer
ethmoid bones - A thin vascular layer of areolar connective tissue beneath the epithelium and is part of the mucous membrane. Air coming into the nasal cavity is warmed by this because it is highly vascular.
- lamina propria
- Curved, scroll-like bones that project medially from the lateral wall of each nasal cavity.
- Nasal conchae (turbinates)
- The four paranasal sinuses:
-
1. maxillae
2. frontal
3. sphenoid
4. ethmoid - Tubular structure that is posterior to the oral and nasal cavities, extending from the base of the skull and situated anterior to the cervical vertebrae.
- pharynx
- Serves as the dual fuction of conducting air and food-- It is divided into three sections.
- pharynx
- Connects the pharynx to the trachea and serves as part of the air passageway.
- larynx (voice box)
- Also referred to as an "Adam's apple."
- thyroid cartilage
- Extends from the larynx to where it bifurcates into the two bronchi.
- trachea (wind pipe)
- The anterior surface is covered by the isthmus of the thyroid gland and posteriorly is in contact with the esophagus.
- trachea (wind pipe)
- Composed of 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that are flexible.
- trachea (wind pipe)
- These represent the first structures in which the exchange of gases occur.
- respiratory bronchioles
- Contains the lungs and the pleural membranes.
- pleural cavity
-
The right lung has ___ lobes.
The left lung has ___ lobes. -
three
two - The layers of the lungs are the:
-
1. external visceral pleura
2. subserous layer of areolar tissue
3. parenchyma - These are the primary functional unit of the respiratory system and are responsible for the exchange of gases.
- alveoli
- The covering of the alveolar walls are squamous epithelial cells called:
- type I pneumocytes
- The alveolar-capillary barrier has ___ layers between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
- three
- These are round in shape and have a large nucleus. They contain lamellar bodies which in turn contain phospholipids that release the fluid called pulmonary surfactant.
- type II pneumocytes
- This separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
- diaphragm
- The ____ nerves innervate the diaphragm.
- phrenic
- The ____ is responsible for regulating normal rhythm and breathing.
- pons
- Breathing aids in maintaining the ____ ____ in the bloodstream.
- pH level
- Chemoreceptors located in the ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____ detect changes in the pH and blood gas levels.
-
medulla
aortic bodies
carotid bodies - The abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular spaces or alveoli of the lungs.
- pulmonary edema
- The abnormal accumulation of air between the parietal and visceral pleura causing the affected lung to collapse.
- Pneumothorax
- An acute infection of the lungs and is most often caused by bacterium.
- pneumonia
- An abnormal, irreversible enlargement of the alveoli due to the destruction of the alveolar walls, resulting in decreased elastic recoil of the alveoli.
- emphysema
- The process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and energy.
- respiration
- The process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes.
- cellular respiration
- One of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening.
- nares
- A large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.
- nasal cavity
- These divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue.
- nasal conchae
- A tube that links the pharynx to the middle ear.
- eustachian tube
- A thin, lid-like flap of cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the root of the tongue, that guards the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal cords.
- epiglottis
- An organ in the neck of mammals involved in protection of the trachea and sound production. Houses the vocal cords, and is situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus.
- larynx
- A cartilaginous ridge in the sagittal plane of the trachea where it splits into the two primary bronchi.
- carina
- A caliber of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. No gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs.
- bronchi
- The first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage. They are branches of the bronchi, and are smaller than one millimetre in diameter.
- bronchioles
- A depression or pit at the part of an organ where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter.
- hilus
- Normal, unlaboured ventilation, sometimes known as quiet breathing.
- eupnea
- A technical term for suspension of external breathing.
- apnea
- The state of breathing faster or deeper (hyper) than necessary, and thereby reducing the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood below normal.
- hyperpnea
- Perceived difficulty breathing or pain on breathing. It is a common symptom of numerous medical disorders.
- dyspnea
- Occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo means "below") to perform needed gas exchange. It generally causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. It can be caused by medical conditions, by holdi
- hypoventilation
- A state in which the lung, in whole or in part, is collapsed or without air. It is a condition where the alveoli are deflated, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation.
- atelectasis
- A surface-active lipoprotein formed by type II alveolar cells.
- surfactant
- A condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.
- hypercapnia
- A state in which the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than normal. This can result from deep or rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation.
- hypocapnia
- Accidental death of cells and living tissue.
- necrosis
- Formed during respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. This process occurs in the pulmonary capillaries adjacent to the alveoli of the lungs.
- oxyhemoglobin
-
A compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, which is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood.
(20%) - carbaminohemoglobin
- A stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin that forms in red blood cells when carbon monoxide is inhaled, and hinders delivery of oxygen to the body.
- carboxyhemoglobin
- A shortage of oxygen in the body.
- hypoxia
- Low oxygen content in the blood.
- hypoxemia
-
The relatively common occurrence of hemorrhage (bleeding) from the nose, usually noticed when it drains out through the nostrils.
(Nosebleed) - epistaxis
- An emergency first aid protocol for a victim of cardiac arrest.
- CPR
- An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by periods of breathing with gradually increasing and decreasing tidal volume interspersed with periods of apnea.
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- A surgical procedure performed on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe).
- tracheostomy