AU Biology 110 Chapter 19
Terms
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- hormone
- Any molecule used as a chemical signal between the cells of a multicellular organism.
- growth hormone
- A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth.
- cDNA (complementary DNA)
- DNA created in the laboratory from an RNA transcript using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA corresponds to a gene but lacks introns.
- cDNA library
- A set of DNA sequences created by reverse transcription of a set of RNAs from a particular organism or cell type. A cDNA library is often used to identify and study the genes for all the proteins made by that particular organism or cell type.
- pituitary dwarfism
- The condition of stunted growth with normal body proportions resulting from a deficiency of growth hormone.
- reverse transcriptase
- An enzyme that catalyzes the production of a DNA molecule from an RNA template.
- DNA polymerase
- An enzyme that synthesizes a growing strand of DNA by adding bases that are complementary to a template strand.
- recognition site
- A specific sequence of bases that can be cut by a restriction endonuclease.
- plasmid
- A small, usually circular DNA molecule that contains genes but is physically independent of the main, cellular chromosome.
- restriction endonuclease
- A bacterial enzyme that can cut double-stranded DNA at a specific base-pair sequence--the recognition site.
- DNA ligase
- An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the deoxyribonucleotides synthesized by DNA polymerase.
- recombinant plasmid
- A plasmid into which foreign DNA has been inserted.
- probe
- A single-stranded fragment of a labeled, known gene that binds to a complementary sequence in the sample being analyzed.
- sticky end
- The end of a DNA fragment cut by a restriction endonuclease. The single-stranded bases on one fragment are complementary to the single-stranded bases on the other fragment. As a result, the two ends will tend to pair up and form hydrogen bonds with each other.
- promoter
- A short sequence of DNA that facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase to enable the transcription of downstream genes.
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- A DNA synthesis reaction that takes place in a laboratory, in which a specific section of DNA is replicated over and over to amplify the number of copies of that sequence.
- Taq polymerase
- A heat-stable form of DNA polymerase derived from a bacterium that lives in hot springs.
- primer
- A short, single-stranded sequence of RNA or DNA that enables the start of replication of a DNA sequence that is synthesized from the 3' end of the primer.
- deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)
- A monomer that is the essential building block for making a new strand of DNA.
- nucleotide
- A monomer that can be polymerized to form DNA or RNA.