Diagnosis & Psychopathology
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- What factors are associated with a favorbale prognosis in Schizophrenia?
- Availability of social support, good premorbid adjustment, acute onset, being female, presence of a mood diturbance
- What are the most effective treatments for Specific Phobias?
- Flooding and systematic desensitization
- Anaclitic depression ocurs in:
- Infants who have been deprived of maternal attention between 6-8 months. Tend to weep, withdraw, have insomnia
-
Autism is seen in about:
A - 5 cases out of 100
B - 2-5 cases out of 1000
C - 3 cases out of 500
D - 2-5 cases out of 10,000 - D - Also, much more common in males
- The onset of delirium is characterized by:
- a relatively rapid onset with a duration of a month or less
- Research on smokers trying to quit finds that:
- Most smokers end up quitting on their own
- In terms of neurological factors, ADHD has been linked to abnormalities in the:
- Prefrontal cortex (decreased blood flow)
- Describe the gender onset differences for OCD.
- Males - OCD peaks at ages 6-15. Females, peak is between 20-29. Adult incidence is same.
- Patient with vivid, frightening dreams, restless sleep, chronic fatigue, and hx of alcohol abuse. Diagnosis is:
- Alcohol-induced sleep disorder
- Define cataplexy:
- Eppisodes of sudden loss of muscle tone resulting in collapse, often associated with expressing of strong emotions
- Name the single best prognostic indicator of recidivism among juvenile offenders?
- Number of previous arrests
- The most effective treatment for functional enuresis is:
- Moisture alarms (more effective than imipramine in the long-term)
- Among adults who were diagnosed with ADHD during childhood, we can expect that:
- between 30%-70% will manifest signs of the disorder throughout their lives (and their children may have up to a 57% chance of having ADHD)
- Caution is neccesarry when considering Ritalin for a hyperactive child with:
- family history of Tourette's Syndrome
- The cognitive deficits of depression differ from thos of dementia in that:
- Free recall is typically impaired while recognition memory is relatively intact
- As compared to whites, blacks are more likely to be diagnosed with:
- Schizophrenia
- The optimal treatment for PTSD is:
- Prolonged exposure
- Research on bioenic theories of autism:
- has confirmed these factors play a dominant role, but has not identified any single factor as the most important one
- Research suggests the best single treatment for Agoraphbia:
- Flooding (exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli while preventing an avoidance response) has rates up to 75%
- Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome involves the processes termed:
- alarm, resistance, exhaustion
- Illusions are
- misperceptions of real stimuli (thinking your wife is a hat)
- Which age onset of Conduct Disorder is associated with a poorer prognosis?
- Childhood as opposed to adolescent
- Headache that begins in the frontal or occipital area and then proceeds to involve a bilateral dull ache is
- tension headache
- Headache casuing intense pain behind the eye
- Cluster headache
- Master & Johnson used sex therapy to treat:
- Premature ejeculation used sex ed, improved communication & sensate focus)
- For children with Enuresis, the most likely co-diagnosis is:
- Encopresis, Sleepwalking disorder, & Sleep Terror Disorder
- Which sleep disorders normally occur during Stages 3 & 4?
- Sleep Terror and Sleepwalking
- Research on ECT & memory loss suggests:
- most deficits are reversible, though problems with autobiographical memory may persist for months
- If a normal child takes Ritalin:
- would exhibit increased attention span
- Optimal treatment for Specific Phobia
- in-vivo exposure with rsponse prevention
- Acc. to Millon, people with NPD use which defense mechanisms?
- Repression, rationalization, projection
- DUring the acute phase, hypoglycemia is most likely to be misdaignoed as:
- Panic Disorder
- Research on eplilepsy hs found tonic-clonic seizures associated with:
- greater cognitve impairment than other types of seizures
- Relationship between environmental factors and Bipolar Disorder?
- Environmental factors are likely to have a greater impact during the EARLY stages of the disorder
- Onset of stuttering:
- Usually age 5, and very rarely after age10
- Mental health interventions for Alzheimer's disease focus on:
- supportive & educational intervenions for family members
- Addictive behaviors are difficult to treat because
- they are self-reinforcing
- According to Brady, the best treatment for reducing a phobic anxiety reaction is one that entails:
- actual in-vivo exposur to the anxiety-provoking experience
- Best predictor of adaptation in old age:
- good health
- First step in dealing with school-phobic child:
- bring child back to school environment
- Alzheimer's is associated with _______ memory loss:
- Declarative
- Percentage of those with Alcohol Dependence who experience severe complications from Alcohol Withdrawal:
- 5%
- Rate of ADHD symptoms among twins with ADHD is:
- .80
- Most common diagnosis for inpatients aged 18-44:
- Schizophrenia
- Smoking relapse is most often triggered by:
-
1)presence of smoking cues
2)Negative affect - Treatments for OCD exert their effect in which area of the brain?
- Caudate nucleus
- Locus Coeruleus is associated with which disorders?
- Depression & Panic Disorder
- One of highest correlations with smoking cessation is related to:
- level of dependence (the more= the harder)
- Symptoms that accompany the three stages of Alzheimer's Dementia:
-
Stage 1: depression, anomia, irritability, & anger
Stage 2: Paranoia & mood lability
Stage 3: apathy & emotional blunting - Risk for twin whose twin has Schizophrenia:
-
Identical = 46%
Fraternal = 17% - Type I & II of Schizophrenia acc. to Crow:
-
Type I: delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect & disorganized thinking (due to neurotransmitter irregularities)
TypeII: Emotional blunting, earlier onset, poorer prognosis, doesn't respond to meds (due to brain structure abnormalities) - Most effective interventions for cigarette smoking cessation:
- Nicotine replacement therapy, skills training, & social support
- Difference between Transsexuals & Transvestites is:
- Transsexuals wish to change their gender, while Transsvestites do not
- Concordance rate of Schizophrenia for siblings:
- 10%
- Echolalia
- pathological, parrot-like repeating of words (may occur in PDD's, and schizo)
- First signs of AIDS-related dementia:
- Loss of concentration, & mild memory loss for recent events (occurs in 2/3 of AIDS patients)
- Prevalence rate of autism is ____ times more for boys:
- 4 to 5
- Concordance rate for identical twins with Bipolar I disorder:
- 75-80%
- One who is uncomfortable with their homosexual orientation, is diagnosed with::
- Sexual disorder, NOS
- Key difference between Asperger's & Autism is:
- Asperger's does not include significant delays in language
- A way to distinguish between facitious disorder & malingering is:
- Malingering - there is secondary gain, such as financial compensation
- Best treatment for facitios disorder:
- Confrontation
- Premature ejactulation has been linked to low levels of _________.
- Serotonin
- In early Alzheimer's & Korsakoff's, memory deficits include:
- anterograde amnesia that affects declarative memories
- Types of dyslexia & alexia:
-
Surface Dyslexia = reading w/o comprehension
Deep Dyslexia = reading errors including semantic paralexia (subsituting word with similar meanings)
Pure Alexia = word blindness, inability to read any words
Literal Alexia = can read whole words but not individual letters - Dementia resulting from long-term alcoholism, affects which abilities?
- visuospatial more than verbal abilities
- Erotomanic type delusions involve:
- a false belief that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with him
- Cessation of long-term alcohol consumption may result in delirium tremens, which is characterized by:
- Paranoid delusions, hallucinations, & autonomic hyperactivity
- Of the "big 5" persoanlity dimensions, which is a sociopath most likely to have?
- Extraversion
- Alcohol Abuse & Dependence has what Male:Female ratio?
- 5:1
- Ratio of MDD has what Male:Female ratio?
- 1:2.5
- Generalized tonic-clonic seizures are associated with?
- Grand mal seizures
- Common associated diagnoses with Tourette's:
- OCD, LD, ADHD
- Bipolar disorder includes, at a minimum:
- a manic or mixed episode
- Rett's Disorder
- Involves sudden head growth deceleration, loss of purposeful hand movements, social engagement & language development. Only FEMALES,
- Etiologies of Mental Retardation
-
30% = embryonic alterations (Such as Downs)
15% = environmental (malnutrition)
10% = pregnancy issues (fetal malnutrition)
5% = genetic
30-40% = ??? - Most common co-diagnosis for Learning Disorders?
- ADHD (20-50%)
- Diagnosis of ADHD
-
Onset before age 7
Duration of 6 months
Symptoms in 2 settings - Co-diagnosis with ADHD:
-
50% = Conduct Disorder
25% emotional disorder
20% = Learning Disorder - Barkley's theory for ADHD of "behavioral disinhibition":
- ADHD is not attention deficits, but rather a lack of ability to adjust activity levels to the situation at hand
- Negative side effects of methylphenidates:
-
Somatic symptoms (insomnia, decreased appetite)
Movement abnormalities (motor & vocal tics)
OC symptoms
Growth Suppression - Encopresis:
- Involuntary or intentional passage of feces. Must be once a month for 3 months, after age 4
- Medical conditions related to delirium:
- Infections, metabolic disorders, renal diseases, postoperative states, head trauma, brain lesions
- Risk Factors for Delirium:
-
1) Age over 60
2) Decreased "cerebral reserve" - after stroke, dementia
3) Post-bypass
4) Drug withdrawal (especially benzos) - Delusional Disorder:
- Persistent delusions for 1 month that are NOT bizarre
- Bipolar II Disorder
- One or more dpressive episode & one hypomanic episode but no Manic episode
- Rehm's self-control theory of depression
- Views depression as deficits in self-control behaviors (selective attention to negative events, immediate outocmes; negative attributions for one's own behavior; insufficient self-reinforcement; excessive self-punishment
- Rehm's self-control therapy for depression
- Structured form of group therapy involving education, exercises, & homework to help patients monitor mood, modifiy evaluations and self-reinforce
- Best treatment for Social Phobia
- Medication (beta-blockers & MAOI's)
- Somatization Disorder
-
4 - Pain
2 - GI
1 - Sexual
1 - Pseudoneurological - Predictors of Personality Disorders:
- Hx of developmental problems, poor ego functioning, low IQ, disorganized families