Argumentation Terms
Terms
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- Persuasion
- an appeal in order to compel some action
- Argumentation
- forming reasons, drawing conclusions, and applying them to a case (in debate)
- Purposes of Argumentation
- 1. Support a cause 2. Promote a change 3. Refute a theory 4. Arouse sympathy 5. Increase interest 6. Win an argument 7. Provoke anger
- Audience Types
- 1. No opinion and don’t care 2. No opinion, but interested in learning more 3. People who have formed opinions and hold them tightly 4. those who have formed opinions but are open to other points of view
- claim
- something asserted or maintained, the main point or position of your argument
- subclaim
- a subordinate point
- support/evidence
- support or evidence used to help strengthen your argument
- refutation
- to prove to be false
- concession
- conceding, acknowledging or admitting an opponent’s point
- fact
- an actual occurrence
- statistic
- a collection of data
- example/experience/anecdote
- taken to be representative of general pattern
- opinion
- a judgment, view formed in the mind
- analogy
- a comparison to a directly parallel case
- autority/expertise
- support from an authority on the subject
- shared beliefs
- when a writer argues that if something is widely believed or valued, then readers should accept it
- causal relationship
- a writer asserts that one thing results from another
- emotional appeal
- appeal based on emotion
- logical appeal
- appeal based on logic or reason
- ethical appeal
- appeal based on character of the speaker
- sentimental appeal
- evoking sorrow or pity
- classical
- the most common tool for developing an argument is the syllogism: major proposition, minor proposition followed by conclusion
- rogerian arrangement
- solve a problem by compromise not to win an argument
- deductive reasoning
- reasoning in the form of if A, then B
- inductive reasoning
- organization which starts specific, and then goes general. If B then A.
- ad hominem
- attacks the personality of the individual
- ad populum
- a proposition is held to be true because it is widely held to be true
- ad vericundium
- to wisdom or belief that something said by a great person is true
- nonsequitur
- it does not follow
- false analogy
- when two cases are not sufficiently parallel
- post hoc
- circular reasoning which attempts to prove something by showing that because a second event followed a first event, the second event is a result of the first event
- over generalization
- too few examples needed to reach a valid conclusion
- stereotyping
- oversimplified conception that one is regarded as embodying a set type
- begging the question
- assumes something to be true that needs proof
- false authority
- fallacy committed when the person in question is not a legitimate authority
- slippery slope
- fallacy in which one asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question
- equivocation
- use of expressions susceptible of a double signification
- oversimplication
- a writer obscures or denies the complexity of the issues
- double standard
- set of principles permitting greater opportunity or liberty to one
- either/or reasoning
- does not allow for any shades of meaning
- smoke screen
- similar to a “straw manâ€/ an opponent creates a weakened, incompleted often distorted version of an argument, then destroys it
- red herring
- a distraction
- purple patch
- a passage that stands out from the prose because of its overuse of lit. devices