New athletic training terms
Terms
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- Two primary rehabilitative goals in sports medicine.
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1) prevention of injuries
2) safe return of an injury to the previous level of competition - Rehabilitation approach (5)
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1) ROM
2) flexibility
3) strength
4) functional training
5) reconditioning - ROM is influenced by...(5)
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1) body congruence
2) joint capsule
3) ligamentous structure
4) muscles
5) tendons - Passive ROM
- ATC moves an athletes body through the ROM and the athlete relaxes and produces no muscle contraction
- Active assisted ROM
- ATC and athlete move body through ROM together
- Active ROM
- When an athlete can move through an entire ROM without assistance
- Flexibility
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refers to the ability to lengthen tissue that has been shortened
- the ability to move through the full ROM without restriction - Three types of stretching
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1) static
2) ballistic
3) dynamic -
Static stretching:
What is it and general guidelines -
- slow, isolated stretch
- athlete should be relaxed, position must be entered slowly, stretch should produce a comfortable sensation, should last 20-30 seconds - Ballistic stretching
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- when a specified muscle is isolated and quickly stretched and relaxed repetitively
- uses momentum of movement to force limb beyond normal range
- not recommended - Dynamic Stretching
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- involves moving body and gradually increasing speed, reach, or both
- consits of controlled swings that takes limb to full ROM - Factors that limit flexibility (7)
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1) body structures
2) tissue approximation
3) excessive fat
4) muscle and tendon lengths
5) connective tissue
6) scarring and contractures
7) skin - Proprioception
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body's ability to get info to the brain in response to a stimulus
- without proper proprioception, the body won't be able to get the right muscles to fire at the correct time - Kinesthetic Awareness
- body's ability to sense the position of its limbs at any moment
- Areas of resistance training (3)
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1) muscular strength
2) muscular power
3) muscular endurance - Muscular strength
- the ability of the muscle to generate force at a given velocity
- Muscular power
- the product of force and velocity and represents the amount of work a muscle can produce per unit of time
- Muscular endurance
- the ability of a skeletal muscle or group of muscles to continue contracting over a long period
- Methods of strengthening muscles (3)
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1) isometric
2) isotonic
3) isokinetic - Isometric
- muscular contraction without associated movement of the joint or limb on which the muscle is set
- When to use isometric: (3)
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1) early stages of rehab
2) when the force that a muscle produces isn't enough on it's own
3) athletes who cannot perform isotonic exercises -
Isotonic
(concentric contraction)
(eccentric contraction) -
muscle length shortens and extends and a joint moves through a range of motion against a constant resistance
concentric: when a muscle shortens
eccentric: when a muscle lengthens
Ex: barbell, dumbells, etc. - Isokinetic
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equipment provides an equivalent resistance the entire time
- provide muscular overload at a constant preset speed
Ex: cybex - Manual Resistance
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effective for strengthening in rehab
- requires no equipment - Variable Resistance
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- machine that matches the resistance to the strength of the muscles throughout the entire ROM
Ex: bicep curl machine - Open Kinetic Chain Exercise
- when foot or hand are not in contact with the ground or supporting surface. The distal end of the extremity is freely moving
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Closed Kinetic Exercise
*more widely used - when foot or hand are in contact with the ground or supporting surface
- Functional Training
- comprehensive training approach on sound scientific principles
- Sport specific function
- rehab program is not complete until the athlete is fully prepared to meet the demands of their sport
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Mechanism:
- Valgus force
- elbow hyperextension
Clinical Presentation:
- pain on active/resistive movement
- pain along medial aspect of elbow
- loss of function
- inability to grasp things
Treatment:
- ice - Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprain
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Mechanism:
- repetitive microtrauma to insertion of extensor muscles of lateral epicondyle
- backhand stroke in tennis or golf
Clinical Presentation:
- aching pain in region of lateral epicodyle
- pain worsens and weakness in wri - Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
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Mechanism:
- overuse
- sudden vigrous supintating movement
- repeated forceful flexion of the wrist
- throwing a curve ball
Clinical Presentation:
- point tenderness of the medial epicondyle
- swelling
- pain produ - Medial Epicondylitis (Little League Elbow)
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Mechanism:
- direct trauma from fall
- acute or chronic
Clinical Presentation:
- pain
- swelling of the olcranon
- loss of function
- possible redness
- possible warmth
Treatment:
- ice
- compression - Olecranon Bursitis
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Mechanism:
- direct trauma
Clinical Presentation:
- pain
- loss of function
- numbness or tingling down 4th/5th finger
Treatment:
- ice
- refer to neurologist -
Ulnar Nerve Contusion
"Funny Bone" -
Mechanism:
- fall on outstretched hand with elbow extended
- severe twist while flexed
Clinical Presentation:
- severe pain
- loss of function
- marked deformity
- swelling
Treatment:
- immobilize
- reduc - Elbow dislocation
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Mechanism:
- fall on flexed elbow or from a direct blow
- fracture can occur in 1+ bones
Clinical Presentation:
- swelling
- muscle spasm
- hemorrhaging
Treatment:
- ice
- sling
- doctor - Elbow fracture
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Mechanism:
- common in youth- due to falls and direct blows
Clinical Presentation:
- audible crack or pop
- moderate to severe pain
- swelling
- ecchymosis
- possible crepitus
Treatment:
- ice
- immoboliz - Forearm Fracture
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Mechanism:
- occurs in lower end of radius or ulna
- fall on outstretched hand, forcing radius and ulna into hyperextension
Clinical Presentation:
- forward displacement of radius causing visible deformity
- extensive bleeding/sw - Colles' Fracture
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Mechanism:
- overuse
- falling on hyperextended wrist, violent flexion or torsion
Clinical Presentation:
- active movement/stress of joint = pain
- point tenderness over ligaments
- difficulty with movement
Treatment: - Wrist Sprain