Psychology and Science
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- By the 1920s a new definition of psychology had gained favor. Psychology was said to be the science of
- Behavior.
- A cognitive psychologise is most likely to be interested in
- Memory and perception.
- Operational definitions are
- Definitions which tell how to collect data.
- What does it mean to say a definition is valid?
- It measures what you think it measures, as shown by using a different method to measure the same variable.
- What does it mean to say a definition is reliable?
- You can measure the same thing again and get the same results.
- Replication...
- Is essentilly repetition of an experiment in all its details.
- In observation research there are no
- Experimental manipulations. There is just data collection of some kind.
- What is the independent variable, in experimental research?
- The variable which is manipulated in an experiment.
- A simple-blind design should be sufficient to eliminate what as a confounded variable?
- Placebo effects.
- How are the experimenter effects eliminated?
- With a double blind design.
- How do convoultions of a human brain compare with those of a rat or dog brain?
- The human brain has many more convolutions.
- Bilateral symmetry...
- Is common in the animal kingdom.
- How might lateralization contribute to a "control system" guiding activity, according to a decades-old theory?
- The left hemisphere leads a person to take on challenges, the right hemisphere is associated with avoidance.
- What does "autonomic" mean?
- Automatic.
- PET scans...
- Often use labeled glucose.
- An axonal arborization looks somewhat like
- A dendritic tree.
- What does a lobotomy involve?
- Cutting off communication between the frontal lobe and the rest of the brain.
- What is the corpus callosum?
- The main fiber bundle connecting the hemispheres.
- What is an axon?
- A tube of membrane.
- Dopamine, an important transmitter substance...
- Produces psychosis in large amounts.
- Some psychologists, echoing Watson, point out that consciousness is subjective and "if you can measure it..."
- You are in fact studying behavor.
- What is true of NON-REM sleep, in contrast to REM sleep?
- Slower and more regular breathing.
- What is the hypnagogic state?
- The state of transition into sleep.
- What is a lucid dream?
- A dream where you know you are dreaming.
- Most psychologists agree hypnosis involves...
- Hypersuggestibility.
- Which would be categorized as a "leading question" when interviewing somebody under hypnosis?
- Did the robber seem nervous?
- Many forms of meditation involve...
- Stopping or diverting the inner voice.
- Which of the following is a narcotic?
- Morphine.
- "Alcohol myopia" is said to be...
- A reason alcohol consumption is a "risk factor" for sexually transmitted diseases.
- What is "anandamide"?
- A brain chemical which appears in the frontal lobes and hippocampus.
- What is myopia?
-
A problem focussing the visual image.
(NEAR-SIGHTEDNESS) - Green afterimages after staring at red objects is evidence for...
- Two colors signaled by the same channel.
- Evidence from brain scans shows...
- Evidence of both illusions and hallucinations.
- What do ossicles accomplish?
- Amplifying vibrations.
- The frequency theory of auditory encoding suggests that different frequencies of sound...
- Result in different frequencies of nerve impulses.
- The little bumps visible on your tongue are...
- Papillae.
- What sense dominates our ability to taste foods and liquids?
- Olfactory.
- Sense which is responsible for pain, pressure, and touch perception.
- Cutaneous.
- The sense of body position which uses receptors in joints and tendons.
- Kinesthetic.
- Sense of balance and motion.
- Equilibratory.
- How do scientists know endorphins are involved in placebo pain relief?
- Naloxone, an opiate-blocker, eliminates placebo pain relief.
- What is the vestibular apparatus?
- The organs for the sense of balance.
- The chapter said which of these account for some ESP-like experiences?
- Anniversary phenomena.
- What is Pavlovian conditioning, in a nutshell?
- An anticipatory biological response.
- A tone which predicts a puff of air elicits an eyeblink. What is the puff of air?
- The UCS.
- UCS is the:
- Unconditional stimulus which naturally or automatically stimulates a biological response.
- S+ is:
- A stimulus which indicates reinforcement is available.
- CS is:
- the "signal" which comes before a reflex or biological event.
- CR is:
- "Conditional response," which is the classically conditioned response.
- You had a car crash; now all cars scare you. ________ is occuring.
- Generalization.
- What is a CER, by definiation?
- An emotional response like anxiety or happiness, set off by a CS.
- What is a formal definition of "operant"?
- A class of behaviors with an equivalent effect on the environment.
- To what does the term "positive" refer, in the term "positive reinforcement"?
- The application or addition of a stimulus to a situation.
- Negative reinforcement...
- Increases the rate of behavior.
- DRL stands for...
- Differential reinforcement of a low rate of behavior. Done with positive reinforcement.
- How can escape learning be converted into aviodance learning?
- By giving the animal a warning signal.
- What is true of differential reinforcement, but not true of shaping (the method of successive approximations)?
- The desired response already occurs.
- How can something intended as a punisher actually funtion as a reinforcer?
- If frequency of the "punished" behavior goes up.
- What is a "trial" in memory research?
- A presentation of stimulus materials to a subject.
- When would serial learning definitely be needed?
- Memorizing the turns to get through a crowded city.
- A drawback of the yes / no method of recognition testing is that...
- Different people require different levels of confidence before saying "yes".
- Sperling, in his pioneering studies of iconic memory...
- Asked subjects to read briefly flashed letters.
- Rehearsal resembles...
- "Re-hearing" something.
- What is a "chunk," in short term memory?
- A single organized thing or item.
- Procedural memory, unlike declarative memory...
- Involves sequences or routines; involves the cerebellum.
- Declarative memory...
- Records facts; involves the hippocampus.
- Why are mnemonic devices effective?
- Memory depends on retrieval strategies.
- The notion of task-appropriate processing implies that if you are preparing for a quiz you should...
- Quiz yourself.
- Which of the following is NOT something extraordinary memorists generally have in common?
- The us of "great effort" to memorize important material.
- Historically, AI (artifical intelligence) was distinguished from cognitive psychology in what way?
- AI did not care about how humans did something.
- To what does the term "constraint satisfaction" refer?
- Finding the one solution which fits all the evidence.
- What are "two types of mental imagery" pointed out by researchers?
- "Pictures" versus "space".
- What is teh lexical component of text processing?
- Accessing an internal dictionary.
- "Orthographic" refers to the...
- Physical appearance of letters, such as their shapes.
- What do researchers identify as a consistent difference between the way good writers and poor writers revise a written work?
- Good writers are more likely to move big chunks of a document to different places.
- In the pursuit rotor task, a subject must...
- Keep a wand on a little metal dot.
- Technically, a "steep learning curve" would be one in which...
- Learning has been fast.
- What is "hill-climbing" in the context of the General Problem Solver (GPS) program?
- Taking steps toward a goal.
- The main emphasis of the SOAR program...
- Sub-goaling.
- What happens in typical cognitive neuroscience research?
- Brain scans show which areas are active during a cognitive task.
- How does expertise relate to domain-specific knowledge?
- Experts are distinguished by lots of domain-specific knowledge.