Chapter 14 - Development over the Life Span
Terms
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- What is *Socialization*?
- The process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of them by their society or culture.
- *Maturation* is:
- The sequential unfolding of genetically influenced behavior and physical characteristics.
- Prenatal Development is divided into *what* sections:
- 1. The Germinal, 2. Embryonic, 3. Fetal
- The *Germinal Stage* begins:
- At conception, the sperm uniting with the egg; the fertilized single-cell egg is called a ZYGOTE.
- The *embryonic stage* begins:
- and lasting until the eighth week of conception at which point the embryo is only 1 1/2 inches in length.
- The *Fetal Stage* begins:
- After 8 weeks, the Fetus further develops the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary form in the embryonic stage.
- What is * Contact Comfort*?
- In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of an infants first attachment.
- What is *Separation Anxiety*?
- The distress that most children develop, at about 6 - 8 months of age, when their primary care-givers temporarily leave them with strangers.
- Waht is *telegraphic speech*?
- A child's first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words.
- What is *Assimilation*?
- In Piaget's's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures.
- What is *Accomodation*?
- In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information.
- What is *Object Permanence*?
- The understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see or touch it.
- In Piaget's theory, *operations* are:
- mental actions that are cognitively reversible.
- What is *Egocentric Thinking*?
- Seeing the world from only your own point of view; the inability to take another person's perspective.
- What is *Conservation*?
- The understanding that the physical properties of objects - such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass - can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.
- What is *Theory of Mind*?
- A system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and how cognitions and feelings effect behavior.
- What is *Power Assertion*?
- A method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child's misbehavior.
- What is *Induction*?
- A method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child's misbehavior.
- What is *Gender Identity*?
- The fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender.
- What is *Gender Typing*
- The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture.
- What is *Gender Schema*?
- A cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female.
- *Puberty* is?
- The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
- What is *Menarche [men-ARR-kee]*?
- The onset of menstruation.
- What is *Ethnic Identity*?
- The process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and fell part of the mainstream culture.
- What is *Menopause*?
- The cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years.
- What is *Fluid Intelligience*
- The capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age.
- What is *Crystallized Intelligience*?
- Cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime.