Adv 2
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- folacin deficiency in various stages of the life cycle can lead to:
- birth defects, gastrointestinal tract disorder, impairment of cell division
- pyridoxine (B6) is necessary for producing:
- active coenzyme forms for folacin in human metabolism
- supplemental form of folacin, absorbed more efficiently that natural food forms
- monoglutamate form ("folic acid")
- pteridine nucleus is a component of:
- folacin derivatives
- a ligand is a type of:
- phytoestrogen
- lignin
- form of dietary fiber (non-CHO)
- lignan
- class of phytoestrogens
- Vit B12 has no:
- UL
- the main source for vit B12 in natural systems (natural foods) is:
- microbial syunthesis
- reliable source for vit B12 for vegans:
- nutritional yeast
- what vitamin is important for the reaction pyruvate + carbon dioxide = oxaloacetate
- biotin
- thiamin functions in:
- decarboxylation
- nicotinic acid helps elevate:
- HDL
- functions in amino acid metabolism
- Vit B12
- necessary for the conversion of homocystein to cystathionine
- pyuridoxine (Vit B6)
- a drug that interferes with the homocysteine methyl transferase reaction may increase risk for:
- CVD
- deficiency of vit B12 will produce the same type of anemia as a deficiency of folacin:
- megaloblastic anemia
- can be methylated to methionine
- homocysteine
- the main supplement form recommended for vit B12 is:
- cyanocobalamin
- an active coenzyme of vit B12 that participates in human metabolism:
- adenosylcobalamin
- Vit K deficiency is most likely due to:
- oral antibiotic therapy
- is a supplement currently sold in the US, can be synthesized in human metabolism, is fromed from methionine
- SAMe
- functions for oxidize iron so iron can be transported in the blood
- ceruloplasmin
- poultry protein, ascorbic acid, and fish protein enchances absorption of:
- non-heme iron
- major function for thiamin is:
- ATP formation
- best selection for involvement in carnitine synthesis:
- ascorbic acid
- Vit E and Vit C work together in:
- antioxidant pathways
- transketolase is activated by:
- thiamin containing coenzyme
- involved in energy metabolism
- pantothenic acid
- folacin deficiency causes impairment in:
- pyrimidine/purine synthesis
- lowers risk for DNA damage
- folacin
- activates 5-methyl THF, necessary for the methionine synthase reaction, deficiency induces large cell anemia, deficiency impairs nerve function
- Vit B12
- biochemical action that relates most closely to folic acid:
- formyl group transfer
- directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells:
- retinol (Vit A)
- main coenzyme involved in the alanine amino transferase reaction:
- PLP (B6)
- deficiency causes scurvy with symptions related to poor connective tissue formation:
- ascorbic acid
- primary function of Vit D:
- calcium homeostasis
- iron shares a common absorption pathway with:
- zinc
- an antioxidant, can help protect cell membrane integrity:
- vit E
- cobalt is involved in:
- methionine synthesis
- main active coenzyme forms for folic acid are derivatives of:
- tetra-hydrofolic acid
- iodine is a constituent of:
- thyroxine
- major role of riboflavin:
- component of FAD
- adding an -OH to various biochemicals, protection of nitric oxide, synthesis of norepinephrine
- vit C
- important for maintenance of normal blood pressure
- potassium
- important for phosphorylation reactions and therefore involved in energy metabolism
- magnesium
- an isothiocyanate, may lower risk for gastric ulcers, found at high levels in certain brassica vegetables
- sulforaphane
- stilbenes, isoflavones, lignans
- phytoestrogens
- flax is a major source of:
- dietary lignans
- phytosterols have this effect on blood cholesterol levels:
- reduce
- deficiency in copper induces:
- hypochromic, mycrocytic anemia
- in the urine of patients exhibiting vit B12 deficiency, methylmalonic acid:
- increases
- amount of Vit B12 absorbed by diffusion:
- 1-3 %
- red cell breakage used as an assessment measure for which nutrient:
- tocotrienols/tocopherols
- bone mineral loss may increase due to:
- proton pump blockers
- intrinsic factor and ileum receptors enhance absorption of:
- Vit B12
- intakes of zinc over the UL may induce:
- hypochromic, microcytic anemia
- nutritional yeast, tempeh, cheese:
- dietary sources for Vit B12
- best method for vit B12 administration:
- pill form
- sodium recommendation for older adults:
- 1500 mg/day
- needed for activity of glutathione peroxidase:
- selenium
- ionic form of iron absorbed most efficiently:
- Fe +2
- functions in decarboxylation reactions, is a fatty acid derivative, can function as an antioxidant
- lipoic acid
- potassium recommendation
- 4700 mg/day
- B6 and iron lead to:
- poorly colored and small red cell (hypochromic and microcytic)
- copper, zinc, and manganese are required for:
- superoxide dismutase activity
- ascorbic acid reduces:
- inorganic iron allowing more efficient absorption into gut cells
- certain forms of kidney disease can increase risk for:
- bone disease
- activation of osteocalcin is related to:
- vit K
- pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine (all converted to PLP)
- forms of vit B6
- main form of vit B6 in the blood; needs riboflavin
- pyridoxal phosphate
- coenzyme form of vit B6
- PLP
- tryptophan converted to this with vit C
- serotonin
- decarboxylation
- -CO2
- tyrosine converted to:
- dopamine
- histidine converted to:
- histamine
- methionine converted to:
- niacin
- vit B6 RDA
- 1.3 mg
- B6 necessary for production of:
- heme
- deficiency of B6, Fe, Cu
- hypochromic, microcytic anemia
- LOAE for vit B6
- 500 mg/day
- found in the urine after a tryptophan load
- xanthurenic acid
- folic acid supplement doesn't need to be activated by:
- methylation
- Fe -> Fe
- +2 -> +3
- large doses of nicotinic acid may lower:
- LDL cholesterol
- nicotinic acid may have this effect on blood sugar:
- worsen
- form of niacin used for blood lipid control
- acid form
- form of nicotinic acid more apt to cause hepatotoxicity
- slow release
- if an enzyme is activated in vitro, the pt is in this nutritional status:
- poor
- main coenzyme in vit B6 metabolism:
- PLP
- SAMe cannot be taken by patients using:
- MAOI's
- used as treatment for certain depressive disorders and osteoarthritis
- SAMe
- SAMe cannot be used by patients with:
- bipolar
- used for estimating the nutritional status for riboflavin
- glutathione reductase
- Vit C increases absorption of:
- inorganic iron
- spongy bleeding gums, petechial hemorrhage, ecchymoses (bruises) and perifolliculosis
- signs of vit C deficiency
- the chewable acid forms of vit C may cause:
- dental erosion
- may improve dilation of the small blood vessels that control pressure, to reduce BP
- vit C
- soy foods, wheat germ, rice bran, almond, walnut, peanuts, pistachio, canola oil
- full spectrum vit-E foods
- RDA for Vit E
- 1.5 IU
- protects cell membranes, protects lung tissue from air oxidants, protects eicosanoids (made from EFA's)
- functions of Vit E
- hydrogen peroxide hemolysis test is this kind of test
- functional test
- dark green leaves, deep yellow/orange fruit/vegetable, red sweet pepper, broccoli, red tomato
- food sources of lycopene
- astaxanthin
- pink color in sea food
- 1 RAE =
- 1 mcg retinol or 12 mcg b-carotene
- night blindness, bitot's spots, xerosis and xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, blindness, cirrhosis, follicular hyperkeratosis of the skin and susceptability to cancer
- signs of vit A deficiency
- lower percentage of RDR is:
- good
- deficient <10, marginal 10-30, acceptable >30
- normal serum retinol
- visual fxn test measured by:
- light/dark adaptation
- fish liver oils are very high in:
- retinol and vit D
- AMD stands for:
- age-related macular degeneration
- amount of lycopene in tomato juice
- 24 mg
- lower LDL, increase blood homocystein, reduce adipose tissue lipolysis
- niacin
- promote synthesis of biogenic amines is an action of:
- vit B6
- supplements meet appropriate standards for absorption like those established by the USP
- vit C
- excellent source of vit C supplement
- calcium ascorbate
- current RDA for young adult male is:
- 90 mg
- RDA for young adult female:
- 75 mg
- phylloquinone refers to what nutrient:
- vit K
- bitot spot is a deficiency of:
- vit A
- an ezyme activated in vitro, the pt is of:
- poor nutritional status