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EFB-101 Biology Final Ch 43-53 & Synthesis

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43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 4 levels of vertebrate body organization? What is an example of each?
1. Cell (cardiac muscle cell) 2. Tissue (cardiac muscle) 3. Organ (heart) 4. Organ system (circulatory system)
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What does \"tube within a tube\" mean with respect to vertebrate body organization?
Digestive tract is a tube within the tube of the main vertebrate body.
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 germ layers of vertebrates? What are 2 products of each?
1. Endoderm (digestive organs, intestines) 2. Mesoderm (skeleton, muscles) 3. Ectoderm (epidermis, nervous system)
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 2 body cavities that comprise the coelom?
1. Dorsal body cavity 2. Ventral body cavity
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are 2 contents of the dorsal body cavity?
1. Cranium 2. Vertebrae
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION TRUE/FALSE: The diaphragm has 2 cavities and is entirely contained within the ventral body cavity.
TRUE
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 2 cavities that make up the diaphragm? What are the 2 components of each?
1. Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs) 2. Abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION How many different cell types do humans have?
210
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION TISSUE
Group of cells similar in structure and function
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 4 primary tissue groupings?
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nerve
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are 3 basic characteristics of epithelial tissue?
1. Derives from various germ layers 2. Provides protective barrier 3. Regenerates quickly
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 types of epithelial cells?
1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 ways epithelial cells can be arranged?
1. Simple (one layer thick) 2. Pseudostratified (w/goblet cells) 3. Stratified (several layers thick)
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where are squamous cells typically located?
Epithelial cells lining the lungs, capillary walls, and blood vessels
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where are cuboidal cells typically located?
Gland cells lining some glands, kidney tubules, and ovaries
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where are columnar cells typically located?
Epithelial cells lining the stomach, intestines, and parts of the respiratory tract
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where are pseudostratified columnar cells typically located?
Gland cells and ciliated epithelial cells lining parts of the respiratory tract
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What germ layer are connective tissues derived from?
Mesoderm
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
1. Loose 2. Dense 3. Special
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION FIBROBLAST
Extracellular matrix generators
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION BLOOD PLASMA is an example of what?
Fibroblast
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What material do fibroblasts construct a matrix from?
Collagen
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of loose connective tissue?
Provides support, insulation, food storage and epithelium nourishment
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where is loose connective tissue typically located?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and fat cells beneath the skin and between organs
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of dense connective tissue?
Provides flexible and strong connections
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where is dense connective tissue typically located?
Fibroblasts in tendons, kidneys, liver, dermis of the skin and in sheaths around muscles
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION JELL-O is constructed from what tissue?
Loose connective tissue
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of adipose tissue?
Converts fat into usable nutrients that are secreted into the blood
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION ADIPOSE TISSUE is an example of what?
Loose connective tissue
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Relative to loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue contains less of what, and more of what?
Less ground tissue, more collagen fibers
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 types of special connective tissue?
1. Blood 2. Cartilage 3. Bone
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What 4 components comprise blood?
1. Plasma 2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 3. Leukocytes (white blood cells) 4. Thrombocytes (platelets)
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 2 materials that comprise cartilage and how are they arranged?
Chondroitin and collagen fibers arranged in parallel rays form cartilage
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What 3 structures in human bodies contain cartilage?
1. Nose 2. Ears 3. Knees
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION CHONDROCYTES
Cartilage cells
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of cartilage?
Provides flexible support, shock absorption and reduction of friction on load-bearing surfaces
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of bone?
Protects internal organs and provides support
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Bone is as strong as what material, while being only 1/3 as heavy?
Cast iron
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION LAMELLAE
Rings of calcium phosphate crystals that comprise a bone\'s matrix
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION OSTEOCYTE
Bone cell
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION CANALICULI
Allows communication between bone cells
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION HAVERSION SYSTEM
Where blood vessels pass through bone cells
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? Which is voluntary and which is involuntary?
1. Smooth (involuntary) 2. Skeletal (voluntary) 3. Cardiac (involuntary)
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What type of muscle tissue is mononucleate?
Cardiac muscle
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What type of muscle tissue is non-striated?
Smooth muscle
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of smooth muscle?
Powers rhythmic, involuntary contractions commanded by the central nervous system
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of skeletal muscle?
Powers walking, talking, lifting and all other voluntary movement
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of cardiac muscle?
Promotes rapid spread of contraction initiation signal via highly interconnected cells
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What attached skeletal muscle to bones?
Tendons
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where is smooth muscle typically located?
Lining walls of blood vessels, the stomach and the intestines
43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 11 vertebrate organ systems? What is the major body function of each?
1. Nervous (communication/integration of stimuli) 2. Endocrine (communication/integration of stimuli) 3. Integumentary (defense from attackers) 4. Lymphatic/Immune (defense from attackers) 5. Digestive (regulation/maintenance) 6. Urinary (regulation/maintenance) 7. Respiratory (regulation/maintenance) 8. Circulatory (regulation/maintenance) 9. Reproductive (reproduction/development) 10. Skeletal (support/movement) 11. Muscular (support/movement)
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 components of a neuron?
1. Nerve cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are 2 functions of dendrites?
1. Receive stimuli 2. Conduct electrical impulses toward the nerve cell body
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the function of the axon?
Conducts electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROGLIA
Nerve cells that support, insulate and protect neurons, but do not conduct any electrical impulses
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM IRRITABILITY
Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 4 steps of irritability-driven reactions?
1. Sensory receptors detect stimulus 2. Sensory neurons carry receptor impulses to brain 3. Motor neurons carry brain impulses to motor effectors 4. Motor effectors cause muscular or glandular stimulus response
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 systems that make up the nervous system? What are the functions and neurons associated with each?
1. Peripheral nervous system, PNS (communication of signal to body, sensory neurons & motor neurons) 2. Central nervous system, CNS (integration and interpretation of input, interneuron)
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 systems make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
1. Somatic (voluntary) system 2. Autonomic (involuntary) system
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 components of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system?
1. Sympathetic (fight or flight) 2. Parasympathetic (rest and repose)
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are neuroglial cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) called?
Schwann cells
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are neuroglial cells in the central nervous system called?
Oligodendrocytes
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 functions of neuroglial cells?
1. Support 2. Insulate 3. Protect
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What neuroglial cells are responsible for the acceleration of electrical impulses?
Nodes of Ranvier
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What neuroglial cells act as nutrient and ion reservoirs?
Astrocytes
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 components of resting membrane potential inside a neuron?
1. Low Na+ 2. Low Cl- 3. High K+
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 components of resting membrane potential outside a neuron?
1. High Na+ 2. High Cl- 3. Low K+
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM In what 2 ways is the negative resting potential of a neuron maintained?
1. Na-K (sodium-potassium) pump 2. Ion leakage channels
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 types of membrane potentials?
1. Graded potentials 2. Action potentials
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM In what 2 ways is a negative resting membrane potential maintained?
1. Na-K (sodium-potassium) pump 2. Ion leakage channels
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What types of changes are enacted by a graded neural membrane potential?
Small, transient potential changes
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 substances chemically gate ion channels in a graded neural membrane potential?
1. Hormones 2. Neurotransmitters
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM Depolarization makes a graded potential more ____, while hyperpolarization makes a graded potential more ____. Summation can ____ or ____ a graded potential.
Depolarization: positive Hyperpolarization: negative Summation: reinforce, negate
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 3 events can happen when a neural membrane reaches action potential?
1. Depolarization 2. Separation 3. All-or-none events
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What controls a neural membrane\'s ability to reach action potential?
Voltage-gated ion channels (Na+, K+)
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 types of voltage-gated ion channels in a neural membrane?
1. Na+ channels 2. K+ channels
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 phases of an action potential?
1. Rising (stimulus causes above-threshold voltage) 2. Undershoot (excess potassium diffuses out of cell) 3. Falling (voltage falls below-threshold to restore equilibrium)
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 4 components comprise a synapse?
1. Presynaptic cells 2. Postsynaptic cells 3. Synaptic vesicles 4. Receptor proteins
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM Presynaptic cells ____ impulses, and postsynaptic cells ____ impulses.
Transmit, receive
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 5 neurotransmitters?
1. Acetylcholine 2. Epinephrin 3. Glutamate 4. Dopamine 5. Serotonin
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM In what 3 steps is a nervous transmission terminated?
1. Acetylcholinesterase is produced. 2. Acetylcholinesterase stops signaling 3. Acetylcholine is reuptaken by neuron, then by glial cells
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM How do organophosphate insecticides work?
Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, so nervous transmissions cannot be terminated
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM In general, why do people become addicted to drugs?
Drugs mimic neurotransmitters
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM HABITUATION
When the number of receptors decreases due to regular drug use
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is bound by cocaine?
Dopamine transporters
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is nicotine used for in plants?
Defense
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 effects of nicotine binding to receptors?
1. Decrease in the # of receptors 2. Decrease in acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the state of the central nervous system in: porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, annelids, molluscs and insects?
1. Porifera: lack nerves 2. Cnidarians: nerve net 3. Platyhelminthes: associative area 3. Annelids: bilateral brain 4. Molluscs: cephalopods have complex brains 5. Insects: lobed brain, ventral nerve cord with ganglia
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 basic sections of the vertebrate brain and what is the function of each?
1. Forebrain (smell) 2. Midbrain (vision) 3. Hindbrain (hearing, balance)
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 6 components of the forebrain?
1. Olfactory bulb 2. Cerebrum 3. Optic chiasm 4. Thalamus 5. Hypothalamus 6. Pituitary
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What composes the midbrain?
Optic tectum
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 components of the hindbrain?
1. Cerebellum 2. Medulla oblongata
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What lies below the hindbrain?
Spinal cord
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the function of the cerebrum?
Correlation, association and learning
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
1. Frontal 2. Temporal 3. Parietal 4. occipital
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the function of the cerebellum?
Balance and coordination
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Vision
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What function is shared by the parietal and temporal lobes?
Speech comprehension
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 functions are unique to the temporal lobe?
1. Memory 2. Hearing
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 functions are unique to the frontal lobe?
1. Speech 2. Smell
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 minor brain components are attached to the cerebellum?
1. Pons 2. Medulla oblongata
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM Between what 2 lobes are the motor and sensory neurons?
Frontal and parietal
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What lobe is below the motor and sensory neurons?
Temporal
44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 major components of the forebrain? What is the function of each?
1. THALMUS -integration/relay of sensory information 2. HYPOTHALMUS -regulation of body temperature, water balance, appetite, thirst -production of neurohormones -regulation of reproductive function -sexual/emotional behavior 3. HIPPOCAMPUS -learning -memory
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 3 classes of receptors (sensory cells)?
1. Mechanoreceptors 2. Chemoreceptors 3. Energy-detecting receptors
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Nociceptors create what sensation?
Pain
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 2 types of thermoreceptors?
1. Warm 2. Cold
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Most mechanoreceptors are ____ receptors.
Cutaneous
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Proprioceptors are located where?
Muscle spindles
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Baroreceptors sense what?
Blood pressure
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 2 types of hair cells in the lateral lines of fish?
1. Stereocilia 2. Kinocilia
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS CUPULA
Gelatinous matrix surrounding hair cells
45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS OTOLITH
Calcium carbonate crystals that boast stereocilia-containing hair cells; used by fish to hear
Complete deck is on quizlet because cueflash went down: http://quizlet.com/1594167/efb-101-biology-final-ch-43-53-flash-cards/
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