400 test 1
Terms
undefined, object
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- 1.Where (in the body) does hearing occur?
- In the brain
- 2.What is the function of a sense organ?
- translate stimuli from the environment into something your brain can process
- 3. What is a transducer?
- the sense organ that translates stimuli something that changes energy from one form into another.
- 4.Why do environmental stimuli have to be translated into a neural/electrical code?
- because this is the only way our body can understand it
- 5.Across animals with have a sense of hearing, what is the single most important function of hearing?
- distance receptors,
- 6.What are some special advantages (to any animal) of hearing?
- To regulate LIFE processes to find food to escape becoming food to find shelter to find a mate
- 7.What is an example of an animal with a sense of hearing?
- vertebrates
- What is an example of an animal which doesn’t have hearing?
- snails, worms starfish clams jellyfish
- 8.In general, what are the four divisions of the auditory system? (See DL, Fig. 4-1)
- outer ear, middle ear, innter ear, central auditory nervous system
- 9a. anterior
- toward front of body
- 9b. posterior
- toward rear of body
- 9c. inferior
- toward feel
- 9d. superior
- toward head
- 9e. internal
- special relationship between something (inside)
- 9f. external
- special relationship between something (outside)
- 9g. lateral
- toward outside of body
- 9h. medial
- toward inside of body
- 9i. proximal
- toward the body
- 9k. distal
- away from body
- 9l. central
- 9m. peripheral
- (outside)
- 10. What are: sagittal
- coronal
- 11. What is/where is the cranial skeleton?
- Skull
- 12. What bones in the cranial skeleton house the auditory system?
- Temporal bone 2 bones one on each side
- 13. Be able to identify the following: temporal bone
- external auditory meatus
- 14. What are the middle cranial fossae and where are they?
- Center of the skull label m on page 203
- 15. What are the four parts of the temporal bone? Can you label the parts on a drawing?
- squamous, tympanic, mastoid, petrous
- 16. What is special concerning the petrous part of the temporal bone?
- Hardest densist bone
- 17. What is special concerning the mastoid part of the temporal bone?
- It is filled with air cells
- 18. What are cranial nerves?
- begin and end within the cranium
- How many in total are there?
- 12 pairs or 24 nerves
- 19. Which five cranial nerves are part of the auditory system?
- Vtrigeminal VIIFacial VIII Auditory IXGlossopharyngeal Xvagus
- 21. What are the two parts of the outer ear?
- Pinna and the external ear canal
- 22. What is a typical difference in the outer ears of non-human animals as compared to a typical human?
- All they have is a tragus / we can’t close our tragus when going under water (no control) we can’t move our ears around
- 23. On a pinna: can you locate the following landmarks?
- helix
- triangular fossa
- scaphoid fossa
- crus of the helix
- concha
- tragus
- thick stubply ears
- anti-tragus
- opposite the tragus
- intertragal incisure
- something inbetween
- 24. About how long is the external ear canal?
- 30mm about an inch
- 25. What is the isthmus and where is it?
- It is the dividing line between the bony and the cartilaginous part of the ear canal
- 26. Where is the cartilaginous portion of the ear canal?
- The lateral half
- 27. Where is the bony portion of the ear canal?
- medial
- 28. What is at the medial end of the ear canal?
- Bony
- 29. What is cerumen and where is it manufactured?
- (SIR-u-man) outer ear canal secretion from sebaceous kills bacteria
- 30. What are the parts of the middle ear?
- the Ossicles, incus, maleus, and stapes
- 31. What is\where is the tympanic membrane (TM)?
- Boundry between middle and outer ear canal
- 32. How many layers does the TM have?
- 3 layers lateral skin of the ear canal/ intermediate/ medial
- 33. What are the names of the two parts (in Latin, pars)?
- Tensa: more rigid, most of surface area Has two types of fibers: Radial and Spiral / PARS Flaccida: less rigid
- 34. On a structural basis, what distinguishes pars flaccida from pars tensa?
- Has radial and spiral fibers and a lot of them reflex light differently because of tension
- 35. On visual inspection of a normal TM, what are some landmarks which should be visible?
- Malleus, incus, annular ligament, long process of incus
- 36. Be able to draw a normal tympanic membrane.
- __________
- 37. What is the middle ear normally filled with?
- Air
- 38. What are the names and locations of the main middle ear cavities?
- tympanic cavity, tegmen tymapni empitympanic recess, aditua, mastois Antrum, auditory/Eustachian tube opening
- 39. Think of the middle ear as “a rectangular box†with six sides: Name all six sides using the anatomical location name (for example, superior) and additionally, name at least one landmark on each side.
- lateral wall is the tm, opposite is the medial wall ,superior to the promitory is the oval window, infirior to the promitory is the round window, on the anterior wall is the opening for the Eustachian tube, on the posterior wall is the aditus medial to the aditus is the facial nerve canal, on the floor is the jugular fassa, ceiling is the bone
- 41. How is the eustachian tube similar to OR different from the external auditory canal?
- similar cartilage and bone external has cerumin and the other has mucus
- 42. What are the two functions of the eustachian tube?
- Active transport system , source of ventilation
- 43. What is a consequence if the major function at #42 is compromised?
- mucous brakes down tm gets more pressure
- 44. What are the ossicles (name, location)?
- incus, maleus, and stapes
- What ossicle attaches to the tympanic membrane?
- Malleus
- 45. To what membrane is the stapes attached?
- 46. What are the two middle ear muscles?
- the tensor tympanic muscle and the stapedius muscle,
- Where does each arise from and each attach to?
- Arises at Anterior Wall of ME, Attaches to Malleus, Arises at Posterior Wall of ME, Attaches to Stapes
- 47. What are the three general functions of the outer ear?
- collection of sound waves,
- 48. What specifically contributes to the protection function of the outer ear?
- ceruman, shape of the ear canal
- 49. Why does the outer ear have “a resonant frequency�
- because it has a mechanics and also a cavity
- 50. In an average adult, what is the typical resonant frequency of the ear canal?
- 3000hz
- 51. When is the resonant frequency of the ear canal measured in clinical work in audiology?
- To fit a hearing aid