Chapter 9: memory
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- mnemonics
- memory ais, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devides
- amnesia
- the loss of memory
- retroactive interference
- the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
- hippocampus
- a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
- encoding
- the processing of information into the meory system
- automatic processing
- unconscious enconding of incidental information such as space, time and frequency and of well-learned information such as word meanings.
- storage
- the retention of encoded informatio over time
- memory
- the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
- flashbulb memory
- a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
- long-term potentiation
- an increase in a synapse's firing potential after breif, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
- proactive interference
- the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
- acoustic encoding
- the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
- visual encoding
- the encoding of picture images
- repression
- in psychoanalytic theory the basic defens mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
- echoic memory
- a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli;if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
- priming
- the activation often unconsciously, or particular associations in memory
- recall
- a measure of memory in which the person must retreive information learned earlier
- effortful processing
- encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
- explicit memory (declarative)
- memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."
- deja vu
- that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
- semantic encoding
- the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
- implicit memory (procedural)
- retention independent of conscious recollection.
- imagery
- mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
- serial position effect
- our tendency to recall best the last and first itmes in a list
- mood-congruent memory
- the tendency to recall expereiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
- spacing effect
- the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
- sensory memory
- the immediate intial recording of sensory information in the memory system
- retrieval
- process of getting information out of memory storage
- relearning
- a memory measure that asses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
- rehearsal
- the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
- chunking
- organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
- long-term memory
- the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
- iconic memory
- a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
- source amnesia (source misattributions)
- attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, hear about, read about, or imagined (source of false memories)
- short-term memory (working memory)
- the activated meory that hold a few items briefly (Magic number 7)
- misinformation effect
- incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
- recognition
- a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned,