ch 7
ch 7 lifespandevelopment
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- what are 4 extrinsic factors that affect neural development?
- nutrients, drugs/toxins, cell-cell interactions, neural activity through experience
- Ectoderm
- outer layer of embryo; becomes nervous system/skin
- monocular deprivation
- depriving light to one eye producing changes in thalamus and visual cortex (deprived eye doesnt respond)
- monocular deprivation
- depriving light to one eye producing changes in thalamus and visual cortex (deprived eye doesnt respond)
- sensitive period (of vision)
- if deprivation of light to eyes occurs at right time it can have long-term effects
- what are the cellular changes that are seen in alzheimer patients? FIG 7.29
- senile plaques appear (buildup of beta-amyloid), abnormalities called neurofibrillary tangles, basal forebrain nuclei disappear
- mutation
- change in nucleotide sequence of a gene as result of unfaithful replication
- growth cones
- tips of axons and dendrites where extensions emerge called filopodia
- what is one influence on the survival of synaptic connections?
- neural activity (dont use it, lose it)
- 3 cell layers of human embryo?
- ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- neural groove
- forms between ridges of ectoderm
- multiple sclerosis
- disorder in which myelin is destroyed causing desynchronization of motor activity
- amblyopia
- reudced visual acuity not casued by optic impairments (cross eyed, lazy eye)
- what are 4 extrinsic factors that affect neural development?
- nutrients, drugs/toxins, cell-cell interactions, neural activity through experience
- how do we physically see that synaptic reaarangement is occuring?
- thinning of grey matter in cortext as pruning occurs
- what are 2 intrinic factors that affect neural development?
- chromosomal mistakes (downs syndrome), single gene effects (mutations)
- multiple sclerosis
- disorder in which myelin is destroyed causing desynchronization of motor activity
- what are 2 intrinic factors that affect neural development?
- chromosomal mistakes (downs syndrome), single gene effects (mutations)
- phenotype
- physical characteristics that make an individual
- transgenic
- referring to animal in which new or altered gene has been introduced to genome
- knockout organism
- particular gene has been disabled
- what are 2 intrinic factors that affect neural development?
- chromosomal mistakes (downs syndrome), single gene effects (mutations)
- downs syndrome
- mental retardation associated with extra copy of chromosome 21
- Hebbian synapse
- synapses that grow stronger/weaker depending on their ability to drive target cell (fight for place in eyeball)
- site-directed mutagenesis
- ability to cause a mutation in a particular gene
- genotype/genome
- all genetic info that one individual has inherited
- amblyopia
- reudced visual acuity not casued by optic impairments (cross eyed, lazy eye)
- neural tube
- formed by top of neural ridges joining; interior is fluid filled ventricles of brain and central canal forms spinal cord, anterior part 3 subdivisions forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
- fetus
- after 10 weeks postfertilization an embryo becomes a fetus
- what part of the brain is key to memory?
- hippocampus
- site-directed mutagenesis
- ability to cause a mutation in a particular gene
- sensitive period (of vision)
- if deprivation of light to eyes occurs at right time it can have long-term effects
- zygote
- fertizled egg has 46 chromosomes (23each parent)
- genotype/genome
- all genetic info that one individual has inherited
- mutation
- change in nucleotide sequence of a gene as result of unfaithful replication
- monocular deprivation
- depriving light to one eye producing changes in thalamus and visual cortex (deprived eye doesnt respond)
- sensitive period (of vision)
- if deprivation of light to eyes occurs at right time it can have long-term effects
- amblyopia
- reudced visual acuity not casued by optic impairments (cross eyed, lazy eye)
- phenotype
- physical characteristics that make an individual
- what guides axons along paths they take?
- release of chemicals by target never cells or tissues (chemoattractants/chemorepellents)
- multiple sclerosis
- disorder in which myelin is destroyed causing desynchronization of motor activity
- knockout organism
- particular gene has been disabled
- binocular deprivation
- depriving light to both eyes, loss of synapses in visual cortical neurons
- ocular dominance histogram
- protrays strength of response of brain neuron to stimuli presented to either right/left eye
- process outgrowth
- extensive growth of axons and dendrites during synaptogenesis
- phenotype
- physical characteristics that make an individual
- mutation
- change in nucleotide sequence of a gene as result of unfaithful replication
- in cell differentiation what do cells do when they reach their destination?
- begin to express genes to make the proteins they need (cell aquires its specific appearance/function)
- retrograde degeneration
- destruction of nerve cell body following injury to its axon
- apoptosis
- another name for cell death
- binocular deprivation
- depriving light to both eyes, loss of synapses in visual cortical neurons
- chemoaffinity hypothesis
- notion that each cell has chemical identity that directs it to synapse on proper target cell during development; if brain injured it will try to reestablish original constructions; evidence: optic nerve cut, eye rotated, connections regrow in original place sending wrong info to brain
- binocular deprivation
- depriving light to both eyes, loss of synapses in visual cortical neurons
- What does the protein sonic hedgehog released by notochord do?
- direst some cells to become motoneurons
- site-directed mutagenesis
- ability to cause a mutation in a particular gene
- genotype/genome
- all genetic info that one individual has inherited
- filopodia
- spikelike extensions that help pull growth cones in a direction
- ventricular zone
- part of neurogenesis, divided cells begin forming packed layer of cells called vent. zone
- what are the 3 core symptoms of ADHD? diff in brain?
- distractability, hyperactivity and impulsiveness; 3-4% smaller
- death genes
- genes that expressed only when a cell undergoes apoptosis; includes caspases
- nerve growth factor
- affects growth of neurons in spinal ganglia and in ganglia of sympathetic nervous system (type of neurotroph); amount NGF produced by targets in development correlates with sympathetic innervation targets receive in adulthood
- how does apoptosis start (chemically)?
- Ca+ influx causes mitochondria to release DIABLO (destroy cells) which destroys protein that protect cell from caspase (caspase then destroys cells), protein called BcL-2 can inhibit apoptosis by blocking release of DIABLO
- hypoxia
- lack of oxygen that affects brain during birth
- what are two classes of differentiation?
- cell autonomous (independent of other cells/driven by genes), induction (cell environment affected by neighbouring cells)
- radial glial cells
- extend from inner to outer surfaces of emerging nervous system and act as guide wires which cells 'ride'
- transgenic
- referring to animal in which new or altered gene has been introduced to genome
- behavioural teratology
- study of impairments on behaviour due to fetal exposure to toxins
- what are 4 extrinsic factors that affect neural development?
- nutrients, drugs/toxins, cell-cell interactions, neural activity through experience
- knockout organism
- particular gene has been disabled
- neurotrophic factors
- chemicals that act as though they are feeding neurons to help them survive
- anterograde degeneration
- loss of distal portion of axons resulting from injury to axon (can regrow)
- transgenic
- referring to animal in which new or altered gene has been introduced to genome
- cell adhesion molecules
- protein found on surface of cell that guides cell migration/axon pathfinding
- what are 6 stages of nervous system develpment
- neurogenesis (mitosis produces neurons), cell migration (cells move to establish populations), differentiation (cells become distinctive neurons/glial cells), synaptogenesis (establishment of synaptic connections), neuronal cell death, synaptic rearrangement (loss/development of synapes, fine tuning)