AP Psych
Terms
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- cochlea
- fluid-filled tube in ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
- pinna
- the outside part of the ear
- bipolar cell
- receives information from rods and cones and passes it on to ganglion cells
- retina
- contains the rods and cones
- sensation
- the process of receiving information from the environment
- absolute threshold
- the intensity level of a stimulus at which one can detect the stimulus 50% of the time
- sweet, sour, salty, bitter, msg
- the 5 tastes
- parallel processing
- doing several things at once
- place theory
- states that certain frequencies stimulate hair cells only in certain areas on the basilar membrane
- Weber's Law
- the difference threshold of two pairs of similar stimuli will be different in magnitude but will be equal in percentage
- hue
- wavelength has to do with
- selective attention
- attending to one stimulus as in the cocktail party effect
- light as it enters eye
- light-->retina-->bipolar-->ganglion-->optic nerve-->visual crossover-->optic chiasm-->thalamus
- lens
- focuses light onto the retina
- bottom-up
- refers to visual processing in which experience does not influence perception
- highness or lowness
- pitch
- photoreceptor
- a neuron that is sensitive to light
- saturation
- purity has to do with
- anvil
- connects the hammer to the stirrup
- accomodation
- lens changes shape to focus objects on retina
- conduction hearing loss
- caused by damage to the mechanical system
- brightness
- intensity has to do with
- motion parallax
- as we move, objects that appear to be stable seem to move
- habituation
- decline in sensory sensitivity as stimulation is repeated
- ossicles
- little bones in the middle ear
- signal detection theory
- explains why thresholds change for different people and in different situations
- tympanic membrane
- also called an eardrum
- stirrup
- connects the anvil to the oval window
- opponent process theory
- explains why some people are red-green color blind
- pupil
- it is a place, but not a thing
- blind spot
- point where the optic nerve leaves the retina
- frequency theory
- accounts for how we perceive low-pitched sounds
- texture gradient
- change from coarse distinct this to fine indistinct this signals increasing distance
- sensorineural hearing loss
- caused by damage to receptors or auditory nerves
- an application of Weber's Law
- you can tell the defference between a 4 pound barbell and a 6 pound barbell, but not between 50 and 52 pounders
- transduction
- the process of changing one form energy to another
- frequency
- number of complete wavelengths that pass a point at a given time
- adaptation
- the reason we don't feel the weight of earrings all the time
- frequency theory
- states that certain frequencies cause the entire basilar membrane to vibrate
- cones
- come in red, green and blue models
- perception
- selecting and interpreting information from the environment
- Young-Helmholtz theory
- states that we process color vision using color-specific cones
- adrenal gland
- structure that creates adrenaline
- visual cortex
- located in the occipital lobe
- education
- means to "lead out of"; uses same root as transduction
- figure-ground
- organization of objects that stand out of their surroundings
- inattentional blindness
- failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
- adrenal gland
- structure that creates adrenaline
- place theory
- accounts for how we perceive high-pitched sounds
- selected attention
- the focusing of conscience awareness on a particular stimulus
- optic nerve
- carries neural impulses from eye to brain
- difference threshold
- minimum difference between the intensity levels of two stimuli that we can detect 50% of the time
- gestalt
- whole
- selective attention
- only attend to singal thing
- ganglion cell
- its axon forms part of the optic nerve
- trichromatic theory
- states that color vision is possible because we have RGB cones
- depth perception
- ability to see objects in 3 dimensions, allows us to judge distance
- optic chiasm
- here left visual field and right visual field are sorted out to be sent to the appropriate hemisphere of the brain
- vestibular sense
- feeling of balance, moniters position of head
- feature detector
- neurons that receive information and respond to a scene's specific features-edges, lines, movements, angles
- iris
- the blue part of blue eyes
- top-down
- refers to processing in which our experience and expectations influence our perceptions
- kinethesis
- the sense of our body parts' position and movement
- linear perspective
- parallel lines appear to converge with distance
- rods
- enable us to see in very low light
- grouping
- tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
- glucagon
- a hormone that tends to increase levels of blood sugar