ling 2210 exam
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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dialectology
sociolinguistics -
regional language differences/ norms
language change -
variables
variant -
linguistic
social (gender, age, class, location)
features eg interdental stopping, verbal s
pronunciations eg θ -> t, voiced θ -> d, \'s\' or no \'s\'
- salience
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how noticeable a feature is
shibboleth (a word associated w/ a single community)
stereotypes (verbal s, θ - t [noticeable])
markers (running -> runnin)
indicators (slit fricative) - prestige
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overt prestige - proper, used in media, education, etc. (formal)
covert prestige - not mainstream (vernacular) -
prescriptive grammar
descriptive grammar -
structure of language as some people think it should be used
refers to the structure of language as it is actually used - reasons for language differences
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relic areas - islands like NL
language contact - borrowed words and phrases
economic ecology - fishing industry terms in NL, farming terms in the prairies
social stratification - settlement and immigration
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seasonal settlement for cod fishing
half irish, half english and a bit of french in 1600s. perm settlement began in 1700s, irish infusion, no major migrations after 1850. st john\'s district was more prestigious. - postvocalic L (after vowels)
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1. contoid, dark - regular
2. contoid (consonant-ish) - clear L
3. dark, vocoid - sounds like /w/ - initial H
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origin - SW England
H dropping
H insertion
hypercorrection - R deletion
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final (steer)
pre consonantal (beard, stored) - metathesis
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switching order of sounds, retained from earlier english.
/sp/ - waps (wasp)
/sk/ - aks (ask)
CrV - perty (pretty) - NORMs
- non mobile old rural men
- bar/bore merger
- also part/port
- boy/bye merger
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choice/price
irish + sw english
b\'y as shibboleth - bit/bet merger
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dress raising
pen -> pin, bet -> bit
but bill -> bell - beat/bait merger
- jayzus
- beer/bear merger
- hear/hair
- canadian raising
- higher vowel before voiceless sounds, lower everywhere else
- paradigm leveling
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getting rid of exceptions to the rules
(i go, you go, she goes -> i goes, you goes, she goes) -
after perfect
devonia perfect
dorsetia perfect
\"be\" perfect -
it\'s after getting cold out
i\'ve a-done it
i(\'ve) bin/been done it
they\'re gone to town - habitual aspect
- he bees sick( sick all the time/often)
- pronoun exchange
- using subject pronouns in object position (give it to she, in for him, giving gender to inanimate objects, that\'s me house)
- lexical variation
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high degree of linguistic conservation and internal diversity
retention of words and meanings that are now archaic/gone
preservation of more localized regional items from SW eng, SE ireland, eg \'\'barm\'\' for \'yeast\' - lexical variations
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language contact:
acadian fr, scots gaelic, mikmaq, basque, portugese/sp
semantic changes:
changes of meaning (narrowing/broadening) eg cracky - little person/thing now a small mongrel dog
regional variation
terms of address/reference:
age based - aunt/uncle/skipper, gender based - buddy, me son, maid, misses
strangers - my dear/love, duck, love, honey, me old trout
location based:
townies, corner boys/cribbies, baymen, mainlanders, come from aways
- discourse particles
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little tack-on words
eh, right, look (luh), see
discourse - quotative \"like\" - reasons for recent lexical change + loss
- confederation, cod fishery collapse, work in alberta, globalization
- intensifiers
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So - most frequently used
right, some are nl specific usually, importance of urban/rural - newfie
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salient marker of a particular stereotype of nl identity. social marginalization, complex meaning.
3 main stances - pride surrounding term, negative but promotes solidarity, ethnic slur.
fairly recent, first recorded as a slur 1938, created (imposed from without) - NL french
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where? st. john\'s, largely quebecois, some from europe, st pierre + miquelon; lab city/wabush - largely quebecois; bay st george + port au port peninsula (stephenville) 80% french by 1950
originated in fisherman from N france who spoke non standard french, also some basque.
perm settlements - st pierre + miq, 1662 plaisance (placentia) - decline of NL french in 20th c
- major cultural and linguistic assimilation due to lack of minority lang rights. 1928 church stopped sending FR speaking priests. ww 2 - USAF base in stephenville, needed english to get jobs, little overt prestige for FR. priests, parents encouraged eng, media english.
- nl french revival
- late 60s - bilingualism/culturalism efforts, cbc french radio/tv, francophone associations, increasing community control of schools
- nl french features
- dropping unstressed vowels, /v/ pronounced as w., different nasal patterns, strange paradigms
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verbal s
new s
new new s -
older rural speakers use it less with stative (think, love)
young urban speakers prefer stative
I loves it -> loves it -> loves
- verbal s overall
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declining, uses that are traditionally unusual are picked up by linguistic innovators
-s is moving from grammatical to social - NL indexation
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features like -s mean newfoundlandy (good), but also uneducated (bad)
using new -s is newfoundlandy but clearly agentive use. - change and gender
- -s used to mean newfoundlandy by young urban women in an ironic, playful, in group way. so -s coems to mean young urban female, ironic and in group.
- innu-aimun
- spoken by innu, algonquian language. dialect continuum - cree in AB -> sask->ont -> NL, can kind of understand, same lang fam. spoken in QC (7500) and Lab (2000) - sheshatshiu, natuashish
- organizational ID
- local institutions - stores, restaurants, schools: employees take on the characteristics of the company.
- discursive process
- a place/thing gaining identity by word of mouth, advertisement etc
- enregisterment
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repetition and commercialization and public discourse enregister certain linguistic features as representative of a place - t shirts, mugs, debates about lang
usually privileges some features over others - everyone knows verbal s, not everyone knows slit fricatives - indexicality
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something \'points to\' or implies particular social meaning.
eg swearing \'indexes\' hegemonic masculinity in our culture - hybridization
- merging diff cultural traits + traditions