Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds & Murmurs Lecture
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- Describe the Process of LV Pressure and LA Pressure during the Cardiac Cycle.
- See Image
- Reason for S1.
- Closure of the AV Valves (i.e. mitral and tricuspid).
- Reason for S2.
- Closure of the Aortic & Pulmonic Valves.
- TRUE/FALSE - The rise in ejection pressure during ventricular systole is a direct comparison of the ejection rate into the aorta to the rate of runoff from the aorta to aortic branches.
- True
- Describe the 2 phases of ventricular ejection during systole.
- Maximum Ejection (II-III) and Reduced Ejection (III-IV)
- Which heart sound is common in young normal individuals and in some pathological states due to the rapid inflow of blood into the ventricle during diastole?
- S3
- Describe S4.
- In pathological conditions, atrial systole also produces a sound called the fourth heart sound,(S4).
- Describe the Phases of Systole.
-
I-II = Isovolumic Contraction;
II-IV = Ejection phase - Describe the phases of Diastole.
-
IV-V protodiastolic phase;
V-VI = Isovolumic Relaxation;
VI- VIII = Rapid Filling Phase;
VIII-IX = atrial systole - The S2 heart sound has physiologic splitting in what phase of respiration (A then P)?
- Inspiration
- What are the 3 types of abnormal splitting in the S2 heart sound?
- Wide; Fixed; Paradoxical
- What are the 2 common causes of wide splitting in S2?
- R bundle branch block; pulmonic stenosis
- What is the common cause of fixed splitting in S2?
- Atrial Septal Defect
- What is the 2 common causes of paradoxical splitting in S2?
- L Bundle Branch block; aortic stenosis
- What are the 3 common causes of Accentuated S1?
-
1. shortened PR interval;
2. mild mitral stenosis;
3. High CO states/Tachycardia - What are the 4 common causes of Diminshed S1?
-
1. Lengthened PR;
2. Mitral regurgitation;
3. severe mitral stenosis;
4. Stiff LV (HTN) - What are the 3 types of Systolic Murmurs?
-
1. Ejection Type;
2. Pansystolic;
3. Late Systolic - Name 2 examples of ejection type systolic murmurs.
- Aortic and Pulmonic Stenosis
- Name 3 examples of pansystolic type systolic murmurs.
- Mitral Regurgitation, Tricuspid Regurgitation, Ventricular Septal Defect
- name an example of a Late Systolic Heart murmur.
- Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Name the 3 types of diastolic heart murmurs.
- Early Decresendo; Mid-Late; Prolonged Mid-Late
- Give 2 Examples that can cause Early decresendo diastolic murmurs.
- Aortic and Pulmonic Regurgitation
- Give 2 examples that can cause mid-late diastolic murmurs.
- Mild mitral or tricuspid stenosis.
- Give 2 examples that can cause prolonged-mid late diastolic murmurs.
- Severe mitral or tricuspid stenosis
- A continous murmur is indicative of what condition?
- patent ductus arteriosus (abnormal communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery)
- To-and-fro is indicative of what 2 conditions?
- Aortic stenosis with regurgiation; pulmonic stenosis with regurgitation