Nehah's Biology Vocab
Terms
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- Central nervous system (CNS)
- brain and spinal cord, command station
- Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
- stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones
- refractory period
- short time period after action potential, cannot fire second actional potential
- vertebrate group
- fish, amphibians, birds' nervous system similar to humans
- adrenal cortex (outer layer)
- secretes steroid hormones: sex steroids, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
- neurotransmitter
- chemical to pass impulse from neuron to neuron, contained in axon
- medulla
- (CNS) involuntary acts (breathing, blood pressure regulation) its primitive
- pancreas
- secretes hormones, digestive enzymes
- Cerebellum
- (CNS) coordinates muscle movement and balance to keep it smooth
- sex steroids
- from adrenal cortex: not significant b/c primary source are gonads
- palisade layer
- most of photosynthesis occurs here, lies under surface of plant
- gluconeogenesis
- making of new glucose in liver
- phloem
- a tissue that carries food from palisade layer, contains sieve and companion cells
- sensory neurons
- part of PNS, involved in sending info to CNS from sensory organs of body
- glucocorticoids
- target organ: liver, cause liver to make glucose from fats and proteins and to release new glucose into blood, also targets other cells to use fats for fuel instead of glucose, also strong anti-inflammatory agents, EX: cortisol
- parathyroid glands
- four glands, very small and in back of thyroid gland, secretes parathormone
- Acetylcholine (ACh)
- most common neurotransmitter
- anther
- part of stamen, makes the pollen
- process
- anything that sticks off of something else in body, ex: axon,dendrite
- impulses
- electrical signals between body parts, carried by neurons (dendrite-cell body-axon)
- anterior pituitary gland
- MAKES and secretes (6): growth hormone(GH), Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), ACTH, Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), Luteinizing hormone(LH), Prolactin
- adrenal glands
- sit on top (superior) of kidneys, not part of kidney
- calcitonin
- activates cells in bone that remove calcium from blood and use it to build new bone, effect: to reduce blood calcium levels
- Prolactin
- released after childbirth, stimulates mammary glands to make breast milk
- nodes of Ranvier
- spaces between Schwann cells, only portions that fire action potentials
- angiosperms
- flowering plants
- threshold potential
- potential at which voltage gated channels open (-50 mV)
- Somatic nervous system
- (PNS) voluntary system, control skeletal muscles, (ACh is neurotransmitter, binds to muscle and causes muscle to depolarize and contract)
- summation
- all stimulatory input and all inhibitory input and add them up
- resting membrane potential
- -70 mV in neuron, inside of cell is more negative than outside
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- targets all organs/tissues, causes them to grow, also stimulates cell-turnover rate in adults
- interneurons
- part of CNS, often connect sensory and motor neurons, completely within brain and spinal cord
- xylem
- transports water and minerals upward to the plant ex cells: tracheids and vessel elements
- depolarization
- membrane potential gets more positive
- Sympathetic Division
- (ANS) "fight or flight", helps prepare body for stress situations, increases heartbeat, BP, breath rate,(neurotransmitter is norepinephrine)
- axon
- impulse transmitted throughout neuron
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- causes kidneys to retain water, AKA vasopressin
- neurons
- nerve cells, carry impulses
- hormones
- chemicals made by endocrine glands, then secreted into blood
- polarized
- when neuron is at rest, no impulses carried (-70 mV)
- effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- to increase and prolong effects of sympathetic nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- any neurons outside of brain and spinal cord, in organs and skin, network of nerves that connect command station to other organs
- ovule
- forms megaspores that can divide to form eggs and polar bodies
- cell-turnover rate
- rate at which older cells are replaced with newer cells
- filament
- part of stamen, supports the anther
- Thyroid gland
- secretes thyroxine and calcitonin, located in anterior (front) part of neck
- action potential
- sequence of events, occurs in axon as impulse is carried through
- Thyroxine
- affects most of body's cells, makes them increase metabolic rate (makes them work harder and use more energy), (gas if body is car), contains Iodine
- pollen
- made from cells called microspores that mature into pollen grains, made in the male component
- target organ
- organs affected by a particular hormone
- saltatory conduction
- jumping conduction node to node
- mineralocorticoid
- target: kidneys, EX: aldosterone
- nervous system of arthropods and annelids
- have ventral nerve cord, brain, and series of ganglia along nerve cord
- stroma
- inner fluid of chloroplasts, contain thylakoids
- parathormone
- opposite of calcitonin, activates cells in bone to dissolve bone to release calcium into blood, effect: to increase blood calcium levels
- repolarization
- membrane potential returns to resting value
- cuticle
- layer of wax on the epidermis of leaf
- inhibited
- move away from threshold potential
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- target organs are gonads, FEMALE: stimulates ovaries and maturation of ova and release of estrogen. MALE: stimulates testes to make sperm
- peptide hormones
- amino-acid based, cause effects rapidly by turning existing enzymes in cell on or off, bind to receptors out of cell
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- stimulates adrenal cortex (outer layer of adrenal gland) to secrete its hormones
- companion cells
- help sieve cells with their metabolic functions
- spinal cord
- (CNS) involved in primitive, reflex actions
- stomates
- openings of bottom surface of leaf, site of gas exchange and water
- dendrites
- recieves impulse first, part of neuron
- soma
- cell body, includes all cellular material and organelles
- stimulated
- depolarize toward threshold potential
- sodium-potassium pump
- uses ATP molecule, move 3 sodium ions out of cell and 2 potassium ions (both positive ions) inside of neuron
- oxytocin
- causes uterus to contract in childbirth and causes mammary glands to release breast milk
- motor neurons
- part of PNS, involved in sending info from CNS to organs of body,ex: muscles, glands
- leak channels
- potassium channels, always open and allow potassium to leak out of cell
- sieve cells
- transport food from palisade layer
- hypothalamus
- (CNS) maintains body homeostasis, monitors hormone levels, electrolyte balance, temperature
- adrenal medulla (inner layer)
- secretes (2): epinephrine and norepinephrine, output: 80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine, both have similar chemical structures(bind to same receptors and same target organs)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- targets gonads, FEMALE: stimulates ovaries to develop a corpus luteum, MALE: stimulates testes to make testosterone
- grana
- stacks of thylakoids
- Parasympathetic Division
- (ANS) "resting anddigesting", most active when you are at rest, decreases heartbeat, BP, breath rate, stimulates activity in digestive system
- pistil
- female part of plant, consists of stigma, ovule, ovary
- synapse
- point where impulse gets transferred (neuron to neuron, or neuron to organ)
- ganglia
- clusters of nerve cell bodies
- voltage gated channels
- open when cell membrane reaches particular voltage (-50 mV)
- arthropods
- insects
- myelin sheath
- Schwann cell wrapping, increases speed of impulse (highest speed 100m/s)
- endocrine system
- controls body functions through hormones, much slower than nervous system
- nervous system
- detects and interprets info from surrounding environment, controls most body functions
- steroid hormones
- cholesterol based, bind to recepters inside cell, cause effects by binding to DNA and changing which genes get transcribed, slower than peptide hormones
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- involuntary system (controls heart, digestive organs, blood vessels, pancreas)
- synaptic cleft
- small gap between axon of 1 neuron and dendrite of another
- Posterior pituitary gland
- STORES and secretes (2): oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone(ADH), the hormones are made by hypothalamus
- hypothyrodism
- lower leves of thyroid hormone (thyroxine), person has low metabolic rate and can gain weight, (if thyroxine is low, TSH is high)
- stamen
- male part of plant, consists of anther and filament
- pituitary gland
- "master" endocrine gland, has 2 lobes: anterior and posterior
- spongy cells
- also carry out photosynthesis, more important for gas exchange
- guard cells
- open the stomates
- What makes impulse stronger or weaker?
- More frequency = more strong/pain/sensation
- annelids
- segmented worms
- cerebrum
- (CNS) conscious mind, voluntary actions occur (movement, speech, problem solving, sensation)
- Schwann cells
- in some neurons, wraps around axon
- hyperthyroidism
- overproduction of thyroid hormone(thyroxine), person has high metabolic rate and can lose weight, (if thyroxine is high, TSH is low)
- aldosterone
- causes kidney to retain sodium (remove sodium from urine and return it to body), effect: to retain sodium AND water, increases blood volume and pressure