Test 1 Flashcards set 4
Terms
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- sensorimotor stage
- the period (birth to 2 years) within Piaget's theory in which intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities
- pre operational stage
- the period (2-7) within Piaget's theory in which children become able to represent their experiences in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought
- concrete operational stage
- the period (7-12) within Piaget's theory in which children become able to reason logically about concrete objects and events
- formal operational stage
- the period (12- beyond) within Piaget's theory in which people become able within Piaget's theory in which people become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations
- The following 4 are part of Piaget's stages
- Broad applicability, qualitative change, brief transitions, invariant sequence
- qualitative change
- children of different ages think in qualitatively different ways, (children in early stages conceive morality in terms of consequences of a person's behavior, where as children in later stages conceive of it in term of person's intent)
- broad applicability
- the type of thinking characteristic of each stage influences children's thinking acrosee diverse topics and contexts
- Broad applicability
- the type of thinking characteristic of each stage influences children's thinking across diverse topics and contexts
- Brief transitions
- before entering anew state, children pass through a brief transitional period in which they fluctuate between the type of thinking characteristic of the new, more advanced stage and they type of thinking characteristic of the old, less advanced one
- Invariant sequence
- Everyone progresses through the stages in the same order never skips a stage
- object permanence
- the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view
- A not B error
- the tendency to reach of a hidden object where it was lat found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden
- deffered imitation
- the repetition of other people's behavior a substantial time after it originally occurred
- symbolic representation
- the use of now object to stand for another
- egocentrism
- the tendency to perceive the world solely from one's own point of view
- centration
- the tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event
- conservation concept
- the idea that merely changing the appearance objects does not change their key properties
- At around age ______ according the Piaget, children begin to reason logically about concrete features of the world.
- 7
- Children below age ____ usually perform unsystematic experiments and draw incorrect conclusions
- 12
- Piaget believed that unlike the previous three stage, the ____ _______ stage is not universal: not all adolescents or adults reach it.
- formal operations stage
- ______-______ theories emphasize the precise characterizations of the process that give rise to children's thinking and the mechanisms that produce cognitive growth
- Information-Processing theories
- __________-______ theories emphasize infants' and young children's early understandings that may have innate, evolutionary basis
- Core- knowledge
- ______-_____ theories emphasize variability of children's behavior and how the gild's developing physical and mental capabilities and the particulars of the situation contribute to the variability.
- Dynamic systems theories
- ________ theories emphasize the ways in which children's interactions with the social world, both with other people and with the products of their culture, guide cognitive development
- sociocultural
- know the world through their senses and through their actions. they learn what dogs look like what petting them feels like
- sensorimotor
- toddlers and young children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. They also begin to be able to see the world from other people's perspectives not just from their own
- pre operational
- become able to think logically, not just intuitively. They can classify objects into coherent categories and understand that events are often influenced my multiple factors not just one
- concrete operational
- can think systematically, reason about what might be as well as what is. understand politics, ethics, science fiction
- formal operational
- dual representation
- the idea the a symbolic artifact must be represented mentally in two ways at the same time- both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself
- _____ year olds use their knowledge of location of symbolism (miniature toy under couch just like is is in the doll house, while 2.5 year olds cannot)
- 3
- At around __________ years of age most children begin to try drawing pictures of something; they try to produce representational art.
- 3 or 4
- concepts
- general ideas or understandings that can be used to group together objects, events, qualities, or abstractions that are similar in some way
- _____ believe that innate understanding of basic concepts plays a central role in development. They argue that infants are born with some sense of fundamental concepts such as time, space, causality, number, and the human mind, or with specialized learning mechanisms that allow them to acquire rudimentary understanding of these concepts.
- Nativists
- argue that nature endows infants with only general learning mechanisms, such as the ability to perceive associate, generalize, and remember._________ also maintain that the data (on which many nativists arguments are based) data involving infants' looking times in habituation dishabituation studies- are not sufficient to support the nativists' conclusions that infants understand the concepts in question.
- empiricists
- category hierarchy
- categories that are related by set- subset relations, such as animal/dog/poodle
- perceptual categorization
- the grouping together of objects with similar appearances
- superordinate level
- the most general level within a category hierarchy such as "animal" in the animal/dog/poodle example
- subordinate level
- the most specific level within a category hierarchy such as poodle in the animal do poodle example
- basic level
- the middle level often the first level learned within a category hierarchy, such as dog in the animal/dog/poodle example
- numerical equality
- the realization that all sets of N objects have something in common (two hats, two balls, to chairs all have twoness)
- subitizing
- a process by which adults and children can look at a few objects and almost immediately know how many objects are present
- by age ______ most children acquire the ability to count
- 3
- one-one correspondence
- each object must be labeled by a single number word
- stable order
- the numbers should always be recited in the same order
- cardinality
- the number of objects in the set corresponds to the last number stated
- order irrelevance
- objects can be counted left to right, right to left, or in any other order
- abstraction
- any set of discete objects or events can be counted