Psych Midterm 1
Terms
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- Wilhelm Wundt
- structuralist. Break down mind into basic elements
- William James
- functionalist. Why do we have a mind & consciousness? What do they do for us?
- Sigmund Freud
- psychoanalyst. Unconscious forces guided by childhood
- B. F. Skinner
- behaviorist. Stimuli and response, observable behavior
- The perspectives
- Cognitive, biological, sociocultural, humanistic, behavioral
- Cognitive perspective
- how thought occurs, organization of the mind
- biological perspective
- mechanisms that influence behavior
- sociocultural perspective
- influence of people, cultures, and societies on behavior
- humanistic perspective
- promoting happiness and self-realization
- behavioral perspective
- looks at observable behavior (e.g. Skinner)
- experimenter expectancy effect
- the experimenter can influence the results based on their expectations
- demand characteristics
- participants act how they think they're supposed to act
- internal validity
- confidant results, not many factors to throw them off
- external validity
- ability to widely generalize the results to other situations
- phrenology
- Franz Gall. Skull bumps indicate character traits
- left brain
- verbal, mathmatical, logical abilities
- right brain
- spatial ability
- corpus collosum
- connects the left & right hemispheres
- hindbrain
- basic life-support functions. Cerebellum, medulla & pons, reticular formation
- midbrain
- motor and sensory pathways
- forebrain
- home of the hemispheres, most advanced.
- cerebellum
- balance, muscle coordination. in hindbrain
- medulla & pons
- brainstem. pathway for sensory & motor nerves. in hindbrain
- reticular formation
- consciousness, sleep, & attention. Regulates which messages go through. Midbrain
- frontal lobe
- biggest. reasoning, speech, complex behaviors. motor cortex
- parietal lobe
- upper back. sensory, touch & feeling. somatic sensory cortex
- occipital lobe
- back of head. vision
- temporal lobe
- above the ears. auditory
- limbic system
- memory, emotion, and goal-directed behavior. Contains hippocampus and amygdala
- hippocampus
- forming & retrieving memories
- amygdala
- organizes motivational & emotional response patterns, especially if related to aggression & fear
- hemi-inattention
- damage in one hemisphere means an inability to perceive one side of the world
- Phineas Gage
- Frontal lobe damage. Sparked investigation of where the "self" is housed
- Agnosia
- recognition impairment
- Prosopagnosia
- face recognition impairment
- Agonist
- excites neurons & increases firing by mimicking a neurotransmitter or blocking reuptake
- Antagonist
- Inhibits neurons & decreases firing by blocking neurotransmitter release or binding to receptor sites
- Absolute threshold
- minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect it 50% of the time. Varies with context.
- Difference threshold
- minimum detectable difference between two stimuli 50% of the time
- subliminal
- below the 50% threshold
- Weber's law
- difference threshold is proportionate to stimulus intensity
- Sensory transduction
- Taking energy to the brain via neural messages
- Color constancy
- perceive familiar objects as all one color even if half in shadows and half in sun
- cones
- color
- rods
- brightness
- McGurk effect
- combining syllables when seen and heard differently (e.g. Ga + Ba = Da)
- Gestalt principles
- "form" or "whole". Figure-ground and grouping.
- Monocular depth cues
- relative size, objects in front, relative clarity, linera perspective, elevation of horizon
- Binocular depth cues
- retinal disparity (difference btwn what the eyes see), convergence (eyes toward each other means closer)
- personal perception
- perception affected by expectations, attention, biases, and context
- perceptual sets
- mental predisposition based on experience (e.g. scrambled word lists)
- Priming
- can be primed to feel a way (e.g. sexism)
- John B. Watson
- Founder of the behaviorist school. 12 children quote.