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Yellow Press: also called yellow journalism, a term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time of the Spanish American war. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolph Hearst. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths.
San Juan Hill: an important U.S. victory in the Spanish American Hill, due in part to the fighting of the Rough Riders.
William Shafter: the American commander in Cuba, he moved toward Santiago, which he planned to surround and capture. On the way he met and defeated Spanish forces at Las Guasimos and a week later in two simultaneous battles, El Caney and San Juan Hill.
arthur mcarthur: an American commander in the islands, saw the need for more vicous and brutal attacks against the Filipinos and Aguinaldo, on some islands, entire communities were evacuated and forced into concentration camps, some Filipino guerillas were executed, and American soldiers who had a growing sense of savagery destroyed villages, and took pleasure in killing Filipinos, who were viewed as subhuman.
Queen Lilikoulani: a powerful nationalists that Native Hawaiians elevated to power, her brief reign coincided with newly militant efforts by the Americans to seize power, when the American minister ordered marineds from a warship in Honolulu harbor to go ashore to aide the rebels, the queen yielded her authority
anti-imperialist league/ William jennings bryan: established by upper class Bostonians, New Yorkers, to fight against annexation, waged a vigorous campaign against ratification of the Paris treaty, they attracted a widespread following in the Northeast and one of its followers included W.J. Bryan, who believing that the treaty would be an important debate in the next presidential election, in which he would run as Democratic candidate, supported the treaty, only to find the important debate would be over the Philippines, as the nation had already chosen imperialism.
the open door: In 1899 the United States feared that countries with "spheres of influence" in China might choose to limit or restrict trade to and from their respective areas. John Hay avoided any problems with trade by sending notes to each country who held power in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low.
elihu root: Secretary of War under Roosevelt, he reorganized and monderized the U.S. Army. Later served as ambassador for the U.S. and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.
James Blaine/ Pan american conference: Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.
joint chiefs of staff: created by one of Root's reforms, establishing a general staff to act as military advisers to the secretary of war, helped modernize American military system.
John Hay/ a splendid little war: secretary of state, he called the Spanish American conflict a splendid little war, an opinion that most Americans seemed to share, decalared in April , over in August.
platt amendment: A rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provisions where later incorporated into the Cuban Constitution.
Theodore Roosevelt/ George Dewey: Commodore of the Pacific fleet of American ships in the Spanish-American War. He attacked the Philippines when war was declared by the US, and Roosevelt unilaterally strengthened the navy's Pacific squadron after tension with Spain.
foraker act: The Foraker Act of 1900 set up a Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico that dealt with their domestic affairs. In 1917, the same act gave the Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.
the philipinne war/ emilio aguinaldo: Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence.
Pearl Harbor 1887: In 1887 the US negotiated a treaty with Hawaii that permitted a naval base at Pearl Harbor
rough riders/ leonard wood: a calvary unit nominally commanded by Gen. Leonard Wood, its real leader was Theodore Roosevelt, who soon became a hero of the conflict. His and the Rough Riders' fame rested on their reckless charge up Kettle Hill, adjacent to San Juan Hill, in the face of Spanish guns.
King Kamehameha: Battles often took place in Hawaii among rival communities, and ambitious chieftans, trying to consolidate power. In 1810, this chief established his dominance in Hawaii, and welcomed American traders and helped them develop a thriving trade between Hawaii and China.
The Maine: An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havanna crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.
the boxer rebellion: The Boxers were a group of Chinese revolutionaries that despised western intervention in China. The rebellion resulted in the deaths of thousands of converted Chinese Christians, missionaries, and foreign legions. It took 5 countries' armies and four months to stop the rebellion.
yankee imperialism: after winning the Spanish American war, American's flooded Cuba with American capital and investers, making it an American economic appendage as they went into Cuba, buying up plantations, factories, railroads and refineries. Any resistance to this produced revolts against the Cuban government, some prompted U.S. military intervention.
Alfred Thayer Mahan/ The influence of sea power on history: a proponent of building a large navy, In 1890, he wrote this, saying that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on.
Valeriano Weyler: commanded the Spanish, known as "Butcher" by the Americans, he confined civilians in certain areas to hastily prepared concentration camps, where people died by the thousands, victims of disease and malnutrition.
treaty of paris 1898: Approved by the Senate on February 6, 1898, it ended the Spanish-American War. The U.S. gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
spheres of influence: zones of economic control carved into China by the U.S. and the imperial powers of Europe.
william howard taft: in 1901 the military transferred authority over the islands to this man, who served as the first civilian governor. He gave the Filipinos broad local autonomy, built roads, schools, bridges,sewers, administrated financial reforms, and established a public health system, decreasing Filipino self- rule.
William Randolph Hearst/ New York Journal: most prominent imitator of Pulitzer's World , cut its price to one cent, followed similar technique, raised circulation to 400,000, creating one of the greatest competitions between newspapers and bringing sensationalism to new levels.
Joseph Pulitzer/ Pulitzer's World: began publishing in NY in 1883, launched age of yellow journalism, and reached high success, with a circulation that reached 250,000 by 1886, the style of writing spawned imitators.
Dupoy de Lome: this Spanish minister, in Washington, he wrote a letter where he called President McKinley weak and bitter. The letter was stolen and delivered to Hearst, who played it up using yellow journalism.
Cuban Revolutionary Party/ Jose Marti: Cuban émigrés in America gave extensive support to this party, and helped publicize its leader, who was killed in Cuba in 1895.

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