Lab Quiz #11
Terms
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- silent mutation
- A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
- mutation
- A detectable, heritable change in the genetic material not caused by recombination
- polypeptide
- A large molecule made up of many amino acids joined by peptide linkages. Large ones are called proteins.
- duplication
- A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is repeated, often by the attachment of a segment lost from its homolog.
- inversion
- A rare 180-degree reversal of the order of genes within a segment of a chromosome.
- conditional mutation
- Mutations that show characteristic phenotype only under certain environmental conditions such as temperature.
- translation unit
- Components involved in translation: small ribosomal subunit, large ribosomal subunit, mRNA, tRNA.
- translocation
- In genetics, a rare mutational event that moves a portion of a chromosome to a new location, generally on a nonhomologous chromosome.
- release factor
- A cytoplasmic protein that binds to a stop codon where it appears in the A-site of the ribosome. These proteins modify the peptidyl transferase activity of the ribosome, such that a water molecule is added to the end of the completed protein. This releases the finished protein from the final tRNA, and allows the ribosome subunits and mRNA to disassociate.
- transcription
- The synthesis of RNA using one strand of DNA as the template
- induced mutation
- A mutation resulting from treatment with a chemical or other agent. (Contrast with spontaneous mutation).
- RNA polymerase
- An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template.
- spontaneous mutation
- A genetic change caused by internal cellular mechanisms, such as an error in DNA replication. (Contrast with induced mutation).
- translation
- The synthesis of a protein (polypeptide). Takes place on ribosomes, using the information encoded in messenger RNA.
- messenger RNA
- A transcript of one of the strands of DNA; carries information (as a sequence of codons) for the synthesis of one or more proteins.
- deletion
- A mutation resulting from the loss of a continuous segment of a gene or chromosome. Such mutations never revert to wild type. (Contrast with duplication, point mutation).
- codon
- Three nucleotides in messenger RNA that direct the placement of a particular amino acid into the polypeptide chain. (Contrast with anti-codon).
- transfer RNA
- A family of double stranded RNA molecules. Each one carries a specific amino acid and anticodon that will pair with the complementary codon in mRNA during tranlation.