Nutrition vocab. test 1
Terms
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- Food
- medically, any substance that the body can take in and assimilate that will enable it to stay alive and to grow; the carried of nourishment; socially, a more limited number of such substances defined as accetable by each culture.
- nutrition
- THe stuyd of the nutrients in foods and in the body; sometimes also the study of human behaviors related to food.
- diet
- the foods (including beverages) a person usually eats and drinks
- nutrients
- components of food that are indespencable to the body's functioning. they provide energy, serve as a building material, help maintian or repair boyd parts, and support growth. The nutrients include water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
- malnutrition
- any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients. Nutrient or enevery deficiencies are classes as forms of undernutrition; nutrient or energy excesses are classes as forms of overnurtrition.
- Chronic disease
- long-duraiton degenerative disease characterized by deterioration of ody organs. Examples include heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
- genome
- the full complement of genetic material in the chromosomes of a cell. The study of genomes is genomics,
- DNA
- an abberviation for deoxyribonucleic avid, the molecule that encodes genetic information in its structure.
- genes
- units of a cell's inheritance, made of chemical DNA, Each gene directs the making of one or more proteins, which perform important tasks in the body.
- nutritional genomics
- the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the activities of nutrients. also called molecular nutrition or nutrigenomics.
- energy
- the capacity to do work. The energy in food is chemical energy; it can be converted to mechanical, electrical, heat or other forms of energy in the body. Food energy is measured in calories.
- organic
- carbon containing. four of the six classes of nutrients are organic: carbohydrate, fat, protein, and vitamins. stsricly speaking, organic compounds include only those made by living things and do not include carbon dioxide and a few carbon salts.
- energy-yielding nutrients
- the nutrients the body can use for energy. They may also supply building blocks for boedy structures.
- essential nutrients
- the nutrients the body cannot make for itself from other raw materials; nutrients that must be obtained from food to prevent deficiencies.
- calories
- units of energy. Strictly speaking, the unit used to measure the enrgy in foods is a kilocalorie; it is the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water 1 degree celsius.
- grams
- units of weight. A gram is the weight of a cubic centimeter or millileter of water under defined condition of temperature and pressure. About 28 grams equals an ounce.
- dietary supplements
- pills, liquids or powders that contain purified nutrients or other ingredients.
- elemental diets
- diets composed of purified ingredients of known chemical composition; intended to supply all essential nutrients to people who cannot eat foods.
- nonnutrients
- a term used in this book to mean compounds other than the six nutrients that are present in foods nad have biological activity in the body.
- phytochemicals
- nonnutrient compounds in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body.
- basic foods
- milk and milk products; vegetables...etc. also called whole foods.
- enriched foods and fortified foods
- foods to which nutrients have been added. if the strating material is awhole, basic food such as milk or whole grain, the result may be highly nutritious. If the starting material is a concentrated form of sugar or fat, the result may be less nutritious.
- fast food
- restauraunt foods that are available withing minutes.
- functional foods
- a term that reflects an attempt to define as a group the foods known to possess nutrients or nonnutrients that might lend protection against disease. However, all nutritious foods can support health in some ways.
- natural foods
- a term that has no legal definition, but is often used to imply wholesomeness.
- nutraceutical
- a temr that has no lega or scientific meaning, but is sometimes used to refer to fodos, nutrients or dietary supplements believe to have medicinal effects. Often used to sell unnecessary or unproved supplements.
- organic foods
- understood to mean foods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
- partitioned foods
- foods composed of parts of whole foods, such as butter (from milk), sugar (from beets or cane), or corn oil. Partitioned foods are generally overused and prvide few nutrients with many calories.
- processed foods
- foods usbjected to any process, such as miling, alteration of texture, addition of additives, cooking, or other. Depending on the starting material and the process, a processed food may or may not be nutritious.
- staple foods
- foods used frequently or daily, for example rice or potatoes.
- adequacy
- the dietary characteristic of providing all of the essential nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health and body weight.
- balance
- the dietary characteristic of providing fodos of a number of types in proportion to each other, such tha tfoods rich in some nutrients do not crowd out of the diet foods that are rich in other nutrients. Proportionality.
- calorie control
- control of energy intake; a feature of a sound diet plan.
- moderation
- the dietary characteristic of providing constituents within set limits, not excess.
- variety
- the dietary characteristic of providing a wide selection of foods.
- legumes
- beans, peas, and lentils, valued as inexspensive sources of protein, vitamins, and minerals, and fiber that contribute little fat to the diet.
- cuisines
- styles of cooking
- foodways
- the sume of a culture's habits, customs, beliefs and preferences concerning foods.
- ethnic foods
- foods associated with aprtiicular cultural subgroups within a population
- omnivores
- people who eat foods of both plant and animal origin, including animal flesh.
- vegetarians
- people who exclude from their diets animal flesh and possibly other animal products such as milk, cheese and eggs.
- blind experiment
- an experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group. In a double-blind experiement neither the subjects nor the subjects nor the researchers know to which group the members belong until the end of the experiment.
- case studies
- studies of individuals. In clinical settings, researchers can observe treatments and their apparent effects. To prove that a treatment has produced an effect requires simultaneous observation of an untreated similar subject.
- control group
- a group of individuals who are similar in all possible respects to the group being treated in an experiment but who receive a sham treatment instead of the real one. Also called control subjects.
- correlation
- the simultaneous change of two factors, such as the increase of weight with increasing height or the decrease of cancer incidence with increasing fiber intake. A correlation between two factors suggests that one may cause the other, but does not rule out the possibility that both may be caused by chance or by a third factor.
- epidemiological studies
- studies of populations; often used in nutrition to search for correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence; a firststep in seeking nutrition related causes of diseases.
- experimental group
- the people or animals participating in an experiment.
- intervention studies
- studies of populations in which observation is accompanied by experimental manipulation of some population members - for example, a study in which half of the subjects follow diet advice to reduce fat intakes while the other half do not, and both groups heart health is monitored.
- laboratory studies
- studies that are performed under tightly controlled conditions and are designed to pinpoint causes and effects. Such studies often use animals.
- placebo
- a sham treatment often used in scientific studies; an intert harmless medication. The placebo effect is the healing effect that the act of treatment, rather than the treatment itself, often has.
- nutrient density
- a measure of nutrients provded per calorie of food.
- Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
- a set of four lists of values for measuring the nutrient intakes of healthy people in the United States. The Four lists are EAR, RDA, AI, UL.
- Daily Values
- nutrient standards that are printed on food labels. Based on nutrient and energy recommendations for a general 2,000 calories diet, they allow consumers to compare the nutrient and energy contents of packaged foods.
- RDA - recommended dietary allowances
- nutrient intake goals for individuals; the average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of nearly all or healthy people in a particular life stage and gender group.
- AI - adequate intakes
- nutrient intakek goals for individuals; the recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on intakes of healthy people in a particular life stage and gender group.
- UL - tolerable upper intake level
- the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to psoe no risk of toxicity to almost all healthy individuals of a particular life stage and gender group.
- EAR -estimated average requirements
- the average daily nutrient intake estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals
- AMDR - acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges
- values for carbohydrate, fat, and protein expressed as percentages of total daily caloric intake ; ranges of intakes set for the energy yielding nutrients that are sufficient to provide adequate total energy and nutrients while reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
- Balance study
- a laboratory study in which a person is fed a controlled diet and the intake and excretion of a nutrient are measured. Balance studies are valid only for nutrients like calcium (chemical elements) tha t do not change while they are in the body.
- requirement
- the amount of nutrient that will just prevent the development of specific deficiency signs; distringuished from the DRI recommended intake value, which is a generous alowance with a margin of safety.
- Food group plan
- a diet plannin tool that sorts foods into groups based on their nutrient content and then specifies that people should eat certain minimum numbers of serving of foods from each group
- exchange system
- a diet planning tool that organizes foods with respect to their nutrient contents and calorie amounts. Food on any single exchange list can be used interchangeably.
- discretionary calorie allowance
- the balance of calories remaining in a person's energy allowance after accounting for the number of calories needed to meet recommended nutrient intakes through consumptino of nutrient dense foods.
- HEI - healthy eating index
- a dietary assessment tool that evaluates a diet's adherence to the principles of the USDA Food Guide and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, as well as the variety of foods the diet contains.
- High
- 20% or more of the Daily Value for a gien nutrient per serving; "rich in" "excellent source"
- Good Source
- 10 - 19% of the DV per serving
- Healhy
- low in fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol and sodium and containing atleast 10% of the DV for vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, calcium, protein or fiber.
- Free
- none or a trivial amount. Calorie free means containin fewer than 5 calories per serving; sugar free or fat free means containing less than half a gram per serving.
- cells
- the smallest units in which independent life can exist. All living things are single cells or made of cells.
- enzyme
- any of a great number of working proteins that speeds up a specific chemical reaction, such as breaking the bonds of a nutrient, without undergoing change itself.
- fat cells
- cells that specialize in the storage of fat and form the fat tissue. Fat cells also produce enzymes that metabolize fat and hormones involved in appetite and energy balance.
- tissues
- systems of cells working together to perform spexialized tasks.
- organs
- discrete structural units made of tissues that perform specific jobs
- body system
- a group of organs that work together to perform a function
- blood
- the fluid of the cardiovascular system; composed of water, red and white blood cells; particles, nutrients, O2
- lymph
- the fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream
- veins
- blood vessels that carry blood, with the carbon dioxide it has collected, from tissues to the heart
- arteries
- blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen from heart to tissues.
- capillaries
- minute, weblike blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and permit transfer of materials between blood and tissues.
- plasma
- the cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph
- extracellular fluid
- fluid residing outside the cells that transports materials to and from the cells
- intracellular fluid
- fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions.
- lungs
- the body's organs of gas exchange.
- intestine
- the body's long tubular organ of digestions, nutrient absorption
- liver
- a large, lobed organ that lies just under the ribs. It filters the blood, removes and processes nutrients, manufactors materials for export to other parts of the body, and destroys toxins or stores them to keep them out of the circulation.
- kidneys
- a pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, and release it to the bladder for excretion from the body.
- hormones
- chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation.
- pancreas
- an organ with two main functions. Endocrine function: the making of hormones such as inculin. Exocrine: digestive enzymes.
- insulin
- a hormon secreted by the pancreas in response to a high blood glucose concentration. draws glucose from blood to cells
- glucagon
- a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when blood glucose concentration dips.
- cortex
- the outermost layer of something. brains concious thought takes place.
- hypothalamus
- a part of the brain that senses a variety of conditions in the blood, such as temperature, glucose content, salt content and others.
- fight or flight reactions
- the body's instinctive hormon adn nerve mediated reactions to danger.
- neurotransmitters
- chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrives there. Inhibit or excite.
- epinephrine
- the major hormone that elicits the stress response.
- norepinephrine
- a compounds related to epinephrine that helps elicit the stress response.
- metabolism
- the sum of all physical and chemical changes taking place in living cells; includes all reactions by which te hbody obtains and spends the energy from food.
- microbes
- bacteria, viruses or other organisms invisible to the eye.
- antigen
- a microbe or substane that is foreign to the body.
- immune system
- a system of tissues and organs that d efend the body against antigens, foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings.
- lymphocytes
- white blood cells that participate in the immune response; B- cells and T- cells
- phagocytes
- white blood cells that can ingest and destroy antigens.
- t-cells
- lymphocytes that attack antigens.
- B-cells
- lymphocytes that produce antibodies. B stands for bursa, an organ in the chicken where the cell was first described.
- antibodies
- proteins, made by cells of the immune system, that are expressly designed to combine with and inactivate specific antigens.
- digestive system
- the body system composed of organs that break down complex food particles into smaller, absorbable products. The digestive tract and alimentary canal are names for the tubular organs that extend from the mouth to the anus. The whole system including the pancreas, liver and gall bladder
- digest
- to break molecules into smaller molecules
- absorb
- to take in, as nutrients are taken into the intestinal cells after digestion.
- peristalsis
- the wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along.
- stomach
- a muscular, elastic, pouchlike organ of the digestive system that grinds and churns swwallowed food and mixes it with acid and enzymes forming chyme.
- sphincter
- a circular muscle surrounding, and able to close, a body opening.
- pyloric valve
- circular muscle of the lower stomach, regulating flow into SI.
- small intestine
- 20 feet in length, responsible for the absorption of nutrients.
- large intestine
- absorbs water
- feces
- waste material
- gastric juice
- digestive secretion of stomach
- bile
- a cholesterol containing digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed. IT emulsifies fats and oils to ready them for enzymatic digestion.
- emulsifier
- a compounds with both water soluble and fat soluble portions that can attract fats and oils into water, combining them.
- pancreatic juice
- fluid secreted by the pancreas that contains both enzymes to digest carbohydrate, fat, and protein and sodium bicarbonate, a neatralizing agent.
- bicarbonate
- a common alkaline chemical; a secretion of the pancreas, also actie ingredient of baking soda.
- villi
- finger like projections of the sheets of cells that line the intestinal tract. makes surface area greater.
- microvilli
- tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that greatly expand the surface rea.
- hiccups
- spasm of both the vocal cords and the diaphragm, causing periodic, audible, short, inhaled coughs.
- heartburn
- a burning sensation in the chest, caused by backflow of stomach juices into esophagus
- antacids
- medication sthat react directly and immediately with the acid in the stomach, neautralizing it.
- glycogen
- a highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose that is made and stored by liver and muscle tissues of human beings and animals as a storage form of glucose. Glycogen is not a significant food source of carbohydrate and is not counted as one of the complex carbohydrates in foods.
- adipose tissue
- the body's fat tissue, consisting of masses of fat storing cells and blood vessels to nourish them.
- ethanol
- the alcohol of alcoholic beverages
- Carbohydrates
- compounds composed of single or multiple sugars. carbon and water, and a chemical shorthand for carbohydrate CHO.
- complex carbohydrates
- long chains of sugar units arranged to form starch or fiber; also called polysaccharides.
- simple carbohydrates
- sugars, including both single sugar units and linked pairs of sugar units. The basic sugar unit is a molecule containing six carbon atoms, together with oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
- photosynthesis
- the process by which green plants make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water using the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the sun's energy.
- chlorophyll
- the green pigment of plants that captures energy from sunlight for use in photosynthesis.
- sugars
- simple carbohydrates, that is, molecules of either single sugar units or pairs of those sugar units bonded together. By common usage, sugar most often refers to sucrose.
- glucose
- a single sugar used in both plant and animal tissues for energy
- monosaccharides
- single sugar units
- disaccharides
- pairs of single sugar units
- fructose
- a monosaccharide, sometimes known as fruit sugar
- galactose
- a monosaccharide part of the disaccharide lactose milk
- maltose
- a disacharide composed of two glucose units
- sucrose
- a disacharide composed of glucose and fructose; sometimes known as table, beet or cane sugar. simply sugar.
- lactose
- a disacharide composed of a glucose and galactose.
- starch
- a plant polysacharide composed of glucose. AFter cooking, starch is highyl digestible.
- granules
- small grains. starch granules are packages of starch molecules. various plant species make starch granules of varying shapes.
- fibers
- the indigestible parts of plant foods, largely nonstarch polysaccharides that are not digested by human digestive enzymes, although some are digested by resident bacteria of the colon. Fibers include cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, gums, and mucilages and the non polysaccharide lignin.
- soluble fibers
- food components that readily dissolve in water and often impart gummy or gel-like characteristics to foods. an example is pectin from fruit, which is used to thicken jellies. Soluble fibers are indigestible by human enzymes but may be broken down to absorbable products by bacteria in the digestive tracts.`
- viscous
- having a sticky, gummy, or gel like consistency that flows relatively slow.
- insoluble fibers
- the ough, fibrous sturctures of fruits, vegetables, and grains; indigestible food components that do not dissolve in water.
- diverticula
- sacs or pouches that balloon out of the intestinal wall, caused by weakening of the muscle layers that encase the intestine. The painful inflammation of one or more of these diverticula is known as diverticulitis.
- butyrate
- a small fat fragment produced by the fermenting action of bacteria on viscous, soluble fibers; the preferred energy source for the colon cells.
- chelating agents
- molecules that attract or bind with other molecules and are therefore useful in either preventing or promoting movement of substances from place to place.
- resistant starch
- the fraction of starch in a food that is digested slowly, or not at all, by human enzymes
- lactose intolerance
- impaired ability to digest lactose due to reduced amounts of the enzyme lactase.
- lactase
- the intestinal enzyme that splits the disaccharide lactose to monosaccharides during digestion.
- protein sparing action
- the actions of carbohydrate and fat in providing energy that allows protein to be used for purposes it alone can serve.
- ketone bodies
- acidic, fat related compounds that can arise from the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available.
- ketosis
- an undesirable high concentration of ketone bodies, such as acetone, in the blood or urine.
- glycemic index (GI)
- a ranking of foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose relative to a standard such as glucose or white bread.
- glycemic load
- a mathematical expression of both the glycemic index and the carbohydrate content of a good, meal, or diet (glycemic index multiplied by grams carbohydrate)
- diabetes
- a disease characterized by elevated blood glucose and inadequate or ineffective insulin, which impairs a person's ability to regulate blood glucose normally.
- type 1 diabetes
- the type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces no or very little insulin; often diagnosed in childhood, although some cases arise in adulthood. formerly called juvenil-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes.
- type 2 diabetes
- the type of diabetes in which the pancreas makes plenty of insulin, but the body's cells resist insulin's action; often diagnosed in adulthood.
- insulin resistance
- a condition in which a normal or high level of insulin produces a less than normal response by the tissues; thought to be a metabolic consequence of obesity.
- impaired glucose tolerance
- blood glucose level higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes sometimes called prediabetes
- dialysis
- in kidney disease, treatment of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes; more propery hemodialysis.
- hypoglycemia
- a blood glucose concentration below normal, a symptom that may indicate any of several diseases, including impending diabetes.
- postprandial hypoglycemia
- an unusual drop in blood glucose that follow a meal and is accompanied by sumptoms such as anxiety, rapid heartbeat, and sweating; also called reactive hypoglycemia.
- fasting hypoglycemia
- hypoglycemia that occurs after 8 to 14 horus of fasting
- naturally occurring sugars
- sugars that are not added to a food but are present as its original constituents, such as the sugars of fruit or milk.
- added sugars
- sugars and syrups added to a food for any purpose, such as to add sweetness or bulkd or to aid in browning. also called carbohydrate sweeteners, they include glucose, fructose, corn syrup, cncentrate fruit juice, and other sweet carbohydrates.
- acesulfame potassium . aka acesulfame- K
- a zero calorie sweetener
- alitame
- a noncaloric sweetener formed from the amino acids L=aspartic acid and L-alanin.
- aspartame
- a compound of phenylalanine and aspartic acid that tastes liek the sugar sucrose but is much sweeter.
- cyclamate
- a zero calorie sweetener
- isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol
- sugar alcohols that can be derived from fruits or commercially produced from a sugar
- neotame
- an artificial sweetener composed of two amino acids, linked in such a way that makes them indigestible to humans.