Modules: 23-27 Memory
Terms
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- memory
- the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
- flashbulb memory
- a clear memory of an emotionaly significant moment or event
- encoding
- the processing of information into the memory ststem- for example, by extracting meaning.
- storage
- the retention of encoded information over time
- retrieval
- the process of getting information out of memory storage
- sensory memory
- the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory stystem
- short term memory
- activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as teh seven digits of a phone numbe while dialing, before the informatino is sotred or forgotten. Also known as working memory is a similar conecept tha tfocuses more on the processing of briefly stored information.
- long term memory
- the relatively permanent and limiless store house of the memory system.
- automatic processing
- unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings.
- effortful processing
- encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
- rehearsal
- the conscious repetition of informaiton, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
- spacing effect
- the tendency for distributed study or pracice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
- serial position effect
- our tendency to recall best teh last and first items in a list.
- visual encoding
- the encoding of picture images.
- acoustic encoding
- the encoding of sound, especialy the sound of words.
- semantic encoding
- the encoding ofo meaning, including the meaning of words.
- imagery
- mental pictures; a powerful aid to efforful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
- mnemonics
- memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
- chunking
- organizting items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
- iconic memory
- a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tencths of a second.
- echoic memory
- a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and owrdss can still be recalled within 3 of 4 seconds.
- long term potentiation (LTP)
- an in crease in a synapses' firing potential after brief rapid stimulation. bel.ieved to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
- amnesia
- the loss of memory.
- implicit memory
- retention independent of conscious recollection. also called procedural memory.
- explicit memory
- memory of facts and experiences that one can conscioulsy know and "declrea." (also called declarative memory.
- hippocampus
- a neural center located in teh limbic system tha thelps process explicit memories for storage.
- recall
- a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test.
- recognition
- a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previosuly learned, as on a multiple choice test
- relearning
- a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved whenm learning material for aseocnd time
- priming
- the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
- deja vu
- that eeries sense that "ive experienced this before. " cues from teh currnet situation may subconsciously trigger retreival of an earlier experience.
- mood congruent memory
- the tendency to recall experiences tha t are consisten with ones current good or bad mood.
- proactive interfernece
- the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
- retroactive interference
- the disruptive effec tof enw learnign on teh recall of old information.
- repression
- in psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciouness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
- misinformation effect
- incorporatin misleading information into one's memory of an event.
- source amnesia
- attriuting to th e wrong source an event tha twe have experienced, heard bout, read aobut, or imagined. (also called source misattribution.) source amnesia, a long with teh misinformation effect, is at the hear of many false memories.