Latin American History Questions
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- How long ago was the first colonization of America by people in Asia?
- 40,000 years ago.
- What was one revolutionary result of the development of agriculture?
- the feasibility of the division of labor.
- What was a serious weakness of slash and burn farming?
- It soon exhausted the soil.
- How long lasted the classic period in ancient America?
- From 1 AD to 1,000 AD.
- The post classic period inancient America was characterized by...
- the rise of genuin cities.
- The Olmec civilization was characterized by...
- the carving of stone sculpture that featured colossal heads.
- What factor greatly aided Aztec imperial expansion?
- The geographical advantages of the Valley of Mexico for defense and offense.
- Which was the dominant mexoamercian state in the classic period?
- Teotihuacan.
- Which was the main integrating force in Aztec Society?
- The priesthood.
- The mayan agricultural system was based on what?
- A mix of Slash and burn farming and more intensive agricultural methods.
- Our knowledge of Mayan history has been enhanced by the discovery that...
- Many of the sculpture gliffs record important events in the life of Mayan rulers.
- The Central Andean area in inca times was characterized by...
- A rich variety of environments making possible extensive food production.
- What was the Mochica culture of classic peru noted by?
- A red and black pottery characterized by realistic modeling.
- Who was the emperor credited with many reforms and innovations in the Inca state?
- Pachacuti Inca.
- What was the name of the record keeping device possessed by the Incas?
- Quipu.
- The Inca state may be best described as...
- A class structure state in which commoners were explited by the ruler's nobility.
- What was one of the serious weakness of the Inca empire?
- A cronic discontent and revolts on the part of conquered peoples.
- Who were the Ayllu?
- A kinship group, the members of which married whith in the groups.
- Where was social stratification most developed?
- The State
- Economic life in aztec Mexico rested ona base of..
- Intensive and extensive agriculture.
- The Triple Alliance was an agreement to share the spoils of conquest among-----This facilitated aztec domination of mesoamerica
- the Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, and Tlacopan.
- In the classic mesoamerican world networks of commercial trade linked the great cities of:
- Montealban, Teotihuacan,and Tical
- a mojor muslim contribution to spain's economic life was
- the introduction of new crops and irrigation.
- In its first phase the reconquest had the dominant character of the struggle of
- christian nobles to regain their lost lands and its serfs.
- A turning in the reconquest was
- the christian victory at Las Navas de Tolosa.
- A major economic result of the reconquest was
- the supremacy of sheep racing over agriculture en Castile.
- The Mesta was
- the powerful guild of sheep racers.
- One method used by Queen Isabella to curve the power of the aristocracy was
- appointment of officials from the lower nobility and the middle class.
- In 1492 the Cathlic soverigns ordered the expulsion of
- all conversos and jews.
- In her work of refoming the chuch
- Isabella hada vauvavle ally in a faction of the regular clergy called observants.
- Fueros were
- chracters of liberties granted to towns granted by the kings
- spain's military supremacy in 16th century Europe was
- based on the new style spanish Army created by Gonzalo de Cordoba
- Hermandades were
- military asociations created by castilian towns to defend their municipal authority.
- Conversos were
- Jews who converted to christianity to avoid persecution
- A major of Prince Henry the navigator's african project was
- to find the sources of Muslim gold.
- A conflict between columbus and the oppontnets of "His Enterprise of the Indies" arouse from the opponent's claime that
- the size of the ocean between Europe and aSia was greated than Columbus believed
- Magellan's voyage of 1519 to 1522 resulted in
- the spanish acquisition of the Philipines
- The discoveror of the pacific was
- Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
- Befor Cortes marched into tenochtitlan
- he had to defeat the Tlaxcalans
- The last Aztec ruler was
- cuahtehmoc
- Pedro de Alvarado provoked an Aztec uprising by
- ordering a massacre of leading aztec chef and warriors
- A factor that aided the spansih conquest of Mexico was
- Moctezuma's belief that cortes was the returing god Questsalquatl
- Theprincipal base of explorations leading to the conquest of Peru was
- the town of Panamon.
- Atahualpa made a serious errorby
- understimating the offensive capacity of the small Spanish force
- The last Inca of the royal line was
- Tupac Amaru
- The struggle btwn the Almagros and the Pizarros involved
- a dispute over Cuzco
- The principal source of royal revenue from the indies was
- mining.
- The major colonial mining center vefore 1700 was
- potosi
- Teh term asiento was
- a contract btwn the corn and a forign company that permited the sale fo black slaves in the spansih colonies.
- A ajor cause of the encomienda's decline was
- the catastrophic decline of the Indian population.
- Labor for the obrajes was
- often obtained by ensnaring Indians through an offer of liquor or money.
- Beginning in the reign of Phillip II the sale of colonial offices by the crown became
- the standard practie.
- Phillip II favored the secular over the regular clergy b/c
- he disliked the independence of spirit shown by the regulars regarding mattirs like the Indian policy.
- The wealthiest religious order in the spanish colonies was
- the society of Jesus or Jesuits
- The great majority of cases tried by the colonial inquisition had to do with
- offenses against morality
- The ditin\guising feature of the colonial aristocracy was
- wealth.
- The law of the indies assigned mestizos of legitimate birth
- equal status with whites.
- Crown policy toward inidnas favored
- thier systematic segregation from the white community
- The patronato real refferst to
- royal control over ecclecialtical affairs in Spain and the colonies.
- The treaty of utrach
- gave menorca and Gibraltar to Britain.
- The Bourbon reform reached its climate under
- Charles III
- One reason for the failure of the Bourbon reforms to achieve their goals wa
- opposion of conservatives to a much needed land reform
- Colonial manufacturing in the late 18th century
- suffered a decline from foreign goods
- The intendant system was introduced in the late 18th century to
- increase royal revenues from the colonies
- In the second half of the 8th century
- an anti-creole reaction reduced creole representation in high official posts
- The greatest poet of colonial Spanish America was
- Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
- The clergy who made the most skillful effort to reconcile church dogma and enlightment ideas were
- the Jesuits
- The creole effort to establish the spiritual primacy of the colonies over spain was
- reflected in cults shuch as the Virgin of Guadalue
- Indian strategies for resisting Spanish oppression included
- The active use of Spanish legal codes for puposes of defense and offense.
- a distincive feature of the comunero revolt and program was its effortto
- form a common front of almost all colonial groups against Spanish authorities.
- Some spanish writers attributed alleged creole indolence and incapacity to the nobxious effects of
- the american climate and soil.
- The success of a slave revolt in Haiti
- damped interst in independence among elites
- One imp;ortant consquence of spain's alliance with napoleon against England was
- Spain's openning of spanish-american parts ot trade with neutral nations.
- The Venezuelan constitution of 1811
- abolished indian tribute.
- a distinctive feature of Bolivar's military leadership was
- his advancement of soldiers for merit without regard to social background or color
- The liberation of new granada was achievd by
- the dicisive Patriot Victory at Boyaca.
- What distinguished the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico from other Latin american revolutions was
- the large scale participation of the Indian and mixed blood worker (proletariat)
- Iturbide's program for Mexican Independence proposed
- the civil equality of creoles and Peninsulares
- The Latin American wars of Independence
- left existing economic and social structures basically intact.
- The colonial elite that emerged from the wars of indepence with the greatest powr was
- The wealthy land owners.
- The rese of caudillismo reflected among other things
- intensified tendencies towarde regionalism as a resutl of economic stagnation
- The new Latin american republican constitutions contained
- literacy and property qualifications that barred most lower class people form voting.
- The primary aim of the Mexican REforma was
- to eradicate feudal vestiges and implant capitalism.
- The majority of conquistadors were
- commoners
- The motives of the spanish of the spanish conquistadors was
- their desire to gain wealth
- a factor that contributed to the fall of the Indian empires were
- the diseases introduced by Spaniards
- The encomienda was
- the assignmet to a colonist of a group of indians to serve him with tribute and labor.
- the requerimento required the indans on pain of war to
- acknowledge the supremacy of the church and the sovereignty of Spain.
- Bartolome de las Csas proclaimed that
- all spanish conquest and wrs in the new world were illegal
- the new laws of the Indies
- provided that all encomindas were to seize stop on the death of the holder
- Black slaves were principally employed in
- plantation agriculture
- The colonial economy was
- a mixture of feudal and capitalist elemnets
- the most successful pratical attacks in Spanish Amercia were made by
- francis drake
- The triumph of Porfirio Diaz was
- also the triumph of positivism
- A charcteristic of the neo colonial order was
- that one or a few products became the basis of each country's prosperity
- Under porfirio Diaz the mos favored groups were
- important landowners and foreign investors
- Usurpation of Indian lands under diaz accelerated as a ressult of
- the passage of the land laws of 1883,1890,and 1894.
- The achievemnet of independence divided supporters of the old social order from
- those who wanted a new more democratic order
- Indian tribute and forced labor
- reapeardd in many countires under different names
- following independence Indians continued to differ in
- speech, social organization and psychology from the white and mestizo groups
- By 1875 slavery had disappeared everywhere in Latin america except
- in Brazil and Cuba
- A major factor responsible for the disappearance of slvery in teh 19th century was
- Great Britain's hostile behavior to slavery.
- Compadrazco
- established a protective relationship between and upper class godfather and his lower status godchild.
- After independence the influence of the church declined as a result of
- a new and relatively tolerant climate of opinion.
- After independence the position of women
- probably worsened in civil status.
- The massive influx of European immigrants into latin America after 1880
- didn't significantly weakened the prevailing aristrocatic ideology